July 23, 2006

Nevada's Online State News Journal

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Nevada History:

Letters From Nevada Indian Agents - 1852

 [Compiled by the publisher of The Nevada Observer in 1980-1981 and transcribed from handwritten originals in the collection of Letters Received by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Utah Superintendency, National Archives microfilm; spelling as in original documents.  Funding for the project was provided by Grace Dangberg, of Minden, Nevada.]

LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT, TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City

                                                Utah Territory, Feb. 29 1852

Hon L. Lea,

Commissioner of Indian Affairs

            Dr Sir -- You would greatly oblige me, by giving me some instructions, in regard to my duties here, and the wishes of the department.  I have been, as the saying is, going it blind, pretty much, and I fear I may have acted improperly, in some respects.  I am anxious to be informed of the intentions, and wishes of the department, in relation to the Indians in this Territory, generally.   It is expected here, that there will be a considerable emigration from the States to California and Oregon this Spring, there will be considerable from this place.  As the Indians have been very troublesome on this route, I think it important that something should be done in that direction, to protect the property and lives of the emigrants.  An Agency at Mary’s River, some 300 miles from this city, would do much good, and have a tendency to quiet the disorderly Indians, if in the hands of a proper person.   I consider it the most important point for operations this spring.  There was such destruction of life and property on this route, during the last season, that I should like to be instructed to regulate matters there, before the emigration arrives.   I think by proper management the route may be made safe.  Not, however, without some expense.  If I do not hear from you, and the emigration should make a move, I shall use all efforts to give them a safe passage, so far as the Indians are concerned.  I shall visit them, and endeavor to conciliate them; and if possible establish friendly relations between us -- At all events, so far as the limits of this Territory extend.  But as I have before stated to you, I fear that but little can be done for the benefit of the Government or the Indians, under the present organization of the Indian department here.   The Superintendent and sub-agent Rose, seem disposed to conceal their movements from me -- they never consult with me, or pay any attention to my opinions.   They have licensed many traders, some against my wishes, and who I know to be unworthy  -- they are traversing the country in every direction, though they reside in this City.  Have I the power to stop this kind of traffic?   I have pestered you so much with my communications, that I fear you will think me troublesome -- therefore, I will make this communication a short one.  I wrote to Mr. J.J. Cittenden concerning matters here, and should be pleased that you would see my letter to him.  If you have time, please write me.

Very respectfuly --

Your obt. Servt.

                                    J.H. Holeman, Ind Agt.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT, TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City

March 29, 1852

Hon L. Lea

            Dr Sir -- On the 28th of November last, I addressed you a letter, containing, in substance, what you will find in this.  Believing it important that the department should be possessed of some of these facts, and understanding that there was a failure in the mail of the 1st of December, I have concluded to write you again, as I have now a safe conveyance by private hand.  In my letter above alluded to, I informed you, that I had made a report to his Excellency, Gov. Young, superintendent of Indian Affairs, in which I had given a statement of my accounts and transactions, generally -- But owing to a difficulty which had occurred between the Governor, and Judge Brockus and other officers of Government, during my absence to Laramie, I did not think it prudent to touch on matters connected with the conduct of the Governor, and the Mormons in general, as it had to pass  through the hands of the Governor.  It was not, however, because I feared that any thing I stated, could or would be contradicted by the Governor -- but because I apprehended that if I said any thing which he did not like, in my report, that it would never reach you -- The "Gentiles," as we are all called, who do not belong to the Mormon church, have no confidence in the management of the Post Office here -- it is believed by many that there is an examination of all letters, coming and going -- in order that they may ascertain what is said of them, and by whom it  is said.   This opinion is so strong, that all communications touching their character and conduct, are either sent to Bridger or Laramie, there to be mailed.   I send this communication, by a friend to St. Joseph, Mo. there to be mailed for the City of Washington

            I attended, in my report, to the necessity of adopting such measures by the General Government, as will protect the rights of the Indians in this Territory they are becoming very much excited by the encroachments of the Mormons, who are making settlements, throughout the Territory, on all the most valuable lands -- extending these settlements for three hundred miles South, from this City, and north to Mary’s River, and Carson Valley. In the first settelement of this city, and the adjoining country, by the Mormons, they at first, conciliated the Indians by kind treatment, but when they once got foothold, they began to force their way -- the consequence was, a war with the Indians, and in many instances, a most brutal butchery. of the Indians.   This, they fear, will again be the result wherever the Mormons may make a settlement.  The Indians having been driven from their lands, and their hunting ground destroyed without any compensation therefor, they are in many instances reduced to a state of suffering bordering on starvation.   In this situation, some of the most daring and desperate approach the settlements, and demand some remuneration or compensation for their lands, &c. when, upon the slightest pretexts, they are shot down or driven to the mountains.   These scenes frequently occur -- but the other day, an Indian was found dead in the vicinity of the city, shot through the body.

            You will no doubt be informed by Judge Brockus, Secretary Harris and others, officers who have returned from this city, to the States, of the conduct and character of Gov. Young his treatment to them, &c.  I was not here at the time -- on my arrival in the city, from Laramie, I found the Governor absent on an expedition to the Indians, some 150 mils distant -- He had taken with him Sub-agent, S. B. Rose, who is a Mormon, with several hundred dollars worth of Indian goods, as presents, for the purpose, no doubt, of conciliating the Indians and getting permission to extend his settlements  -- thus making use of his office, as Superintendent, and the money of the Government, to promote the interest of his church -- therefore, it seems to me, that no Mormon, should, officially, have any thing to  do with the Indians.

            From what I can learn here, there is no doubt, but every effort will be made by the Mormons, to prevent the Government from peaceably extending her laws over the Territory.   Since the departure of the Judges and other officers, they have levied additional taxes on all classes, of ten cents on the dollars worth, of all description and kind of property. This, it is thought, is for the purpose of preparing for resistence.  It is said, upon good authority, that there is an effort being made, to form an alliance with the Indians, to resist the Government, should it be determined to force authority in the territory -- and from all the circumstances, and information I can gather, something of the kind may be in agitation - It would not surpries me in the least, as many of the Utah tribe have been Baptised in their church; and feasted upon all occasions, and treated in the kindest manner: Subagent Rose, has just returned  from  another Southern tour, and  the Governor will  leave again, in  a few days - neither have spoken to me on the subject, nor do they let me know any thing of their actings or doings.

            I think it would be advisable to hold a treaty with the Indians as soon as possible -- they are generally friendly disposed to the whites  -- a deputation of some of their principal men, to visit the states would have a very good effect -- they know nothing of the power of the Government, or the number and manner of living of our people.

            I have just been informed, that the Snake and Utah tribes, who have been at war with each other, have assembled for the purpose of settling their differences -- they are now in council.  I suggested this course to both tribes, and have no doubt, but it will result in an adjustment of their difficulties -- It will set an example to the other tribes, and will ultimately, I have no doubt, produce a very good effect.  This is the band of the Snakes who visited Laramie -- they are very friendly to the whites, and have great respect for their Great Father  -- The Indians are very much scattered over the Territory - The tribes are split up into small bands, ruled by some favorite chief -- some of them are very small  -- The Tribe of Shoshonies, or Snakes is very large, and being divided into many bands they occupy a large portion of the Territory, but are all on friendly terms with each other.  They have nothing like a settled residence, but roam the country from the head waters of the Platt, near the South Pass, to St. Mary’s river, including a portion of the Territory of Oregon.   There are two bands of Utah’s, of considerable size -- one residing South of this city, and are very friendly towards the whites - the other who are called "Diggers," reside north, and range over a portion of country lying between this and California -- they are said to be a tribe formed by the poorer classes of the Utah 5, the Snakes, the Pa-nacks the Crows, and the Flat-heads.  They have, heretofore, been considered as the most worthless and trifling Indians in the Territory -- subsisting on roots, principally, from which they take the name of Diggers.  It is said they eat any thing that has life in it, from a cricket to a Buffaloe.  It is principally in their country, that the roberies and murders which have occurred during the past season have been committed.  Many are of the opinion that they have been encouraged and assisted by White men.   And judging of their past character, and their bold and daring conduct now, it would seem that there is strong grounds for the opinion.   There are many bands of the various tribes above named, of a more elevated character, who pursue the chase for a living, and travel the country in search of game, from the Platt river to California, and from this city to Oregon.  I visited a village of the Snakes about 80 miles north of this city, in January last -- It was reported here, that they had information of two white women, who were said to be held as prisoners by a band of the "White Knives"  --all the information I could gather, seemed to justify the belief, that they had been killed by the Indians.  The name of White Knife, has been given to these Indians who have been committing the roberies on the California and Oregon routes, in consequence, they say, of white men being connected with them and their being so completely armed with almost every description of weapon.   The Indians I visited, professed great friendship for the Whites, and seemed disposed to enter into any arrangement with the government which would have a tendency to secure, permanently, this friendship.  I have met with many of the Utah trive, who reside south and south east of this city  - they are also friendly, and are anxious to make such arragnements, by treaty or otherwise, as will establish, on a firm footing, their friendly relations with the whites.

            I have suggested, in my previous letters, the necessity of doing something to protect the route between this and California and Oregon -- the Indians have been very troublesome during the last year - roberies and murders, of the most brutal character, Occur with almost every train. The November mail from California has been cut off -- all killed by the Indians near Mary’s River; the mail contractor, Mr. Woodward among them, and the mail destroyed.   The February mail, from the same place, arrived here on the 26th inst. after much suffering -- all their mules and horses were frozen to death -- the men were compelled to lay by 18 days in a snow storm, and travelled 13 days on foot, packing the mail on their backs, with nothing to eat but mule meat, and 4 days without any thing -- they accidentally met a band of the Snake Indians, who fed them, and brought them into the settlements.  Something should be done by the Goverment, to aid this mail route.  The December and January mails could not pass the mountains, and returned.

            It is not, perhaps, any portion of my duty, yet it may not be amiss to give you some account of the persecution and tyranny of the Mormons towards the Gentiles, as all are called, who do not belong to the Mormon Church.   They have levied a very exhorbitant tax on all emigrants who have been compelled to winter in this valley -- they collected this tax last fall, and now, when these emigrants are preparing to leave for California and Oregon, they tax them again.   The Legislature has passed a law giving licenses to men belonging to their church, to establish ferries, and build bridges over all the streams9 over which emigration will have to pass, and regulated the toll at $3 for each waggon, and 50cts for each head of loose cattle -- while the citizens of the valley, or members of the church, are exempted from this tax, or toll --one half of which, is to be paid into the tithing office, for the benefit of the church.  Some of the emigrants, who, from the lateness of the season when they arrived here, were compelled to remain during the winter  -- being good mechanicks, they were employed by some of the heads of the Church, to labor on their buildings and public works; and wishing to leave this spring, have been turned off without pay; or any satisfaction -- they refused even to give their notes -- among these men, is Willard Richards, who keeps a harem of some dozen of fifteen women, to all of whom he is wedded.  He is acting Secretary of State, and Post Master of the city.  Every description of tyranny that they can invent, is made use of, to persicute the emigrants.   They issue from the tithing office a kind of Scrip, as evidence of the indebtedness of the church, for labor or services performed by individuals -- this scrip forms a kind of circulating medium, and is received from the members, in payment of their taxes and tithing; but when it falls into the hands of a gentile, it will not be received from him for his taxes, and he is forced to pay the cash -- All he can do with it, is to receive such articles of trade, as they may choose to give him, at from  1 to 400  percent above the  valley prices, for the same article.

            They are in the habit of drilling the Militia weekly -- The commanding officer, in impressing upon them the importance of punctually attending these drills, has been heard to say, "that they were in the habit of drilling punctually, while in Navoo, when they had but one state to oppose them, but now they have the whole United States, they should be properly drilled and equipped."  Others say, "They do not fear the United States -- They have neither respect for her or her citizens; and should they want assistance to defend themselves against the Government, they can easily get it from England."   They have their missionaries travelling all over the world, almost, collecting men and contributions, to give greater strength to their church -- they calculate upon a large emigration this season, to reinforce their ranks; and are using every effort to prevent their people from leaving the valley -- many have made preparations for emigrating to California, but Brigham has put his veto gainst it, and in a great measure, has put a stop to it.

            I could give you thousands of circumstances, tending to show their deadly hostility to the Government, and their determination to resist her authority, in all matters which conflict with their notions, and church regulations -- They say that "God and the Governor Commands," and they obey no one else.

            I mentioned in my previous letters, the difficulty attending the route, from this city to California the main route from the States to California and Oregon, passes to the north of this, and intercepts the road from here, at, or near the Goose Creek mountains, about 175 miles from this place. It is then about 130 miles to the head of Humbolt river, where the road strikes it -- thence down the river, to the Canyon is about 60 miles -- making, from this to the Canyon, about 385 miles.   It is the opinion of the best informed, with whom I have conversed, that a post, or agency established at or near this Canyon, would afford the best protection to this route.   The distance from this Canyon to Reese’s Station in Carson Valley, is about 360 miles this station is in Utah Territory, near the California line and is about 180 miles from Sacremento City.  There is a settlement about this Station of about 80 persons, and extends in the direction to this city for near 40 miles.  Should I receive no instruction to the contrary, I have concluded to visit this section of the Territory  -- and should I find it advantageous to the interest of the Government and the Indians, I shall make arrangements to establish an Agency at some point which will be the best calculated to give the greatest amount of protection, at the same time be most convenient for operations with the Indians.   As the emigration will be leaving this valley about the 20th of April, I have concluded to leave this city with them.   I shall write you again before I leave, and shall advise you from time to time, of my operations, the prospects of quieting the Indians, and the state of the country generally.

            I fear you, will think me extravagant in the expenditure of money, but I assure you, things are quite different here from what they are in the States -- every thing is from 2 to five hundred per cent higher than they are there. Consequently, our living, though much more common, is quite dear.   All my expenditures have been as economical as possible -- particularly my trip to Laramie.   It was the first attempt that had been made by Government to establish friendly relations with the Indians in this Territory, and I thought that a few dollars was a matter of no importance, when compared with the effect which would be produced upon their feelings, by showing them that their Great Father as well as the Whites generally, would be good to them if they would treat the Whites with Kindness.  They returned to their village so much pleased with the trip, and the evidences of friendship they received, that they are using all their influence with the other tribes, not only to make peace between themselves, but to establish peace and friendship with the Whites.

            It may be prudent, perhaps, to keep my name secret, in relation to these statements -- if it was known here, that I had made such a communication, there is no telling what would be the result.  I have heard them boldly assert, that if Brigham was to tell them to cut any man’s throat, they would do it without hesitation.  I make these remarks to let you know my situation -- I do not fear a contradiction -- use your judgment on the subject.

            Very respectfully -- Your obt. Servt.

                                    J.H. Holeman Ind. Agent

                                                Utah Territory

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LETTER FROM BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH AND SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

                                    Great Salt Lake City Mar. 30. 1852

To the Hon: Luke Lea.

Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Washington City. D.C.

Sir,

            Since my last report to your department nothing of an general importance has occurred, altho’ some reports of prior occurrences have since come to hand.   Mr. Woodard the mail contractor for carrying the mail, from this place to Sacramento City in California, together with the party accompanying him, being five persons in all, have been unquestionably cut off; as they left Sacramento, with the November mail, were met by Mr. Hanson on Mary’s river, or the Humboldt (as sometimes called), about the middle of that month; since when, nothing has been heard from them.   The February mail also having come through, and bringing no account of them, and the known hostile character of the Indians on the route, furnishes most conclusive evidence, of their being killed.

            No party passes that route in safety; all have to fight more or less, and very few escape, without the loss of some of their men, and a portion at least of their animals.  I presume that the report of a whole party of emigrants being cut off, and some women being held in captivity by the Indians, alluded to in my former report, originated from the transaction above mentioned; as no further intelligence, in relation to that matter has been received.

            The enterprize of a company from this place locating on Mary’s river as was anticipated last fall.  I regret to say has failed; owing it is presumed, to the known hostility of the natives, and the location itself not being as regards natural resources, such as, good land, timber  &c., very desirable.  Those reasons will probably delay any settlement being made at that point, so long as the Territory affords any other unoccupied situation, of equal if not superior facilities, and a quiet understanding with the native tribes; albeit it is supposed, that the Indians who inhabit in the vicinity of Weber, and Bear rivers, living in peace with the citizens of those regions, are the same who frequently extend their excursions to Mary’s river, and there commit the most wanton depredations.  This supposition is founded upon the fact of their frequently being seen in the possession of property, and sometimes money, which, it is thought they could have obtained in no other manner.

            Be this as it may, our experience proves, that a settlement affords the most salutary restraint upon the Indians and permanent support and protection to the traveller. My views upon this subject were more fully expressed in a former report.  I however reiterate my former opinion, that a settlement would be far more productive of good, and better subserve the interest, and purposes of the Government, than a military post; to say nothing of the vicinity of the mines, inducing the desertion of soldiers. The influence is more genial, and far better calculated to induce the savage from the vile habits of his nature, and gradually lead him to the peaceful avocations of civilized existence.

            The employment of a few farmers, school establishment, accompanying an agency to be established at that point, and the necessary expenditure thereon, in the employment of mechanics, would furnish sufficient inducement for a settlement from the influence of which the happiest results might reasonably be expected to follow, not only in the safety and protection of the emigrant, and traveller, of the transmission of the mails; but also in behalf of the natives with whom they are brought into immediate association,  in restraining them from indulgence in  their wild propensities. I therefore urge upon your attention, the propriety of obtaining an appropriation from the present Congress, for the purpose of holding a treaty with these, and also other Indians of this Territory; and defraying the expence of such stipulations as may be entered into, for land or other purposes.  Major Holeman I understand intends visiting the Indians on Mary’s river, and will extend his excursion to Carson valley the ensuing season.  His report will be looked for with considerable anxiety, and forwarded as soon as received.  In the mean time I also expect to visit the southern part of the Territory to prevent if possible any interruption in our peaceful relations in that region, which might very easily be induced from their proximity to the scenes of indian disturbances in New Mexico, and Southern California now existing.

            When the sound of war salutes the ears of the savage, he becomes excited to bear a hand, and immediately becomes more reckless and daring in his, at all times, predatory life. Depredations have already been committed in that region, but having met with a check from the energy and prompt action of the citizens, it is hoped no further disturbance will be manifested; as the citizens are also on the alert to watch every indication, and if possible anticipate every action on their part.

            Having never yet received any instructions from the department, I now again earnestly solicit your favor in this respect.

            Accompanying this is the report of Major Rose, Indian Sub-agent; marked A; which contains a reference to some Indian children found in the possession of some Spanish traders from New Mexico. I refer you for full particulars to the statement made by his honor Z. Snow, associate justice of the supreme court of this Territory before whom the investigation was had.  The document alluded to is printed in the Deseret News of March 6. 52 and is herewith transmitted to you and marked B.   The reports of Agents show an expence incurred by making presents to the Indians, which I freely endorse and which if not right you will please to inform me. When I consider the very small expence which has been incurred by the General Government for the suppression of Indian hostities in this territory, even if they should pay all that has been asked for, in comparison with other states and territories, and that this is accomplished by the most untiring vigilance and regardless of exposure or expence whether any renumeration be received or not, I am led to the conviction, that the Government will percieve that her interest is best consulted by liberally paying for  presents, and defraying the  expences of  friendly expeditions made  to preserve  peace,   instead  of   "for   the  suppressing   of hostilities," already commenced.

            Soliciting your early attention &c.  and co-operation in procuring the necessary  authority for,  and means to  defray the expences of  such matters  and things as  have been,  and herein  are   respectfully  suggested   for  your   favorable consideration.

                                    I have the honor to remain,

                                                very respectfully and obediently,

                                                                        yours &c,

Brigham Young

P.S.  Major Holeman’s report for this quarter, having been received subsequent to the foregoing writing and just previous to the closing of this mail, is the reason of it’s not being mentioned therein.   It is however transmitted herewith (marked C) together with the usual endorsement which is enclosed in this package.   I will merely observe than an agency establishment in the Uinta valley would accommodate the Indians of that region known as the Uinta and Yampah Utes, and the Snakes or more properly Shoshone Indians in this Territory and being supported by a settlement will have a tendency to harmonize any ill feeling that may have heretofore existed among them.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH AND SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

March 30, 1852.

Sir,

            Since my report, made to your Excellency, on the 31st of December last, there has nothing occurred of importance in my department.

            Agreeable to your instructions, in January last, I, in company with Sub-Agent, S.B. Rose, visited the Indians north, as far as Box Elder.  We found them friendly disposed towards the whites, and in the general, on friendly terms -- there had been previously, some little disturbance, but all had quietted down.   The information we had received of their having a considerable quantity of American Gold, we found to be true -- we made every effort to ascertain in what manner they came in possession of it.  One, who had several pieces, stated, that he had received it two or three years ago, in a horse trade, from an emigrant - others accounted for having the gold in various ways, but to my mind, not satisfactory. A great portion of this band, was absent on a hunting expedition -- we could not see their chief, nor could we get any information which seemed of a character to be relied on. Whether these Indians have participated in the roberies on the California route, or not, is extremely doubtful – I thought some circumstances looked rather suspicious -- Yet they professed friendship towards the whites, and many of them had given such evidences of their friendship, as to induce the citizens there, to believe they were sincere.  We made every effort to ascertain the true situation of the white females, who were said to be held as prisoners, by a band of Indians in that neighborhood.  So far as we could learn, from whites and Indians, no prisoners had been in that neighborhood.  We learned, however, from the Indians, that a band of the "White Knives," as they are called, residing perhaps in Oregon, had sometime previous, two white women as prisoners, but for some cause, which they could not explain, they had killed them both.  We, however, could get no information except from the Indians  -- and not being acquainted with the character and conduct of these Indians, I placed but little reliance in any thing they said.  I gave them a few presents, which pleased them very much, and they promised a great deal in future.

            I met with a deputation of the Utah Tribe, from Uwinty valley, at Fort Bridger, in December last, as I previously informed you -- they had been sent by the chief of the band, with overtures of friendship, and requested that I would send some traders to visit their village.  I selected a competent man, who was acquainted with them, and who spoke their language, to accompany the traders, with a few presents to their chief men.  He has just returned, and reports very favourably of the kind feelings of these Indians.   In accordance with my request, they have determined to meet the Snakes, in a council, for the purpose of establishing a treaty of peace and friendship between the tribes  -- and are now engaged in that laudable object.   From the assurances given me, both by the Utes and Snakes, I hope, and believe, that they will succeed -- and that they will make a treaty, which will place their friendly relations upon a much more lasting foundation than they have ever been heretofore.

            I enclose you my report for the quarter ending 31st inst.

            I have the honor to be, very respectfully,

                                                            Your obt. Sert.

                                                J.H. Holeman Ind. Agt.

                                                Utah Territory

His Excellency

Brigham Young

Superintendent Indian Aff. Utah Territory

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH AND SUFERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City

April 19. 1852.

            Sir -- During the last summer, the emigration on the route to California and Oregon were very much annoyed by the Indians -- many murders were committed, and a vast amount of property destroyed.    These murders and roberies were committed, it is thought, by a band of Indians called "Diggers" residing in the northern part of this Territory.  I have not been able to get any information which can be relied on, respecting their general character  -- it is thought, however, that the whole band is more or less engaged in these depradations.  I have thought, therefore, that a visit to these Indians would have a good effect.  It is important that something should be done, to protect emigration, and if it should meet your approbation, I will visit them, and if possible make such arrangements as will give security on the route, or get such information as will enable the Government to act in future.  I am of the opinion, that an Agency established on the Humbolt or Mary’s river, would be calculated to afford protection to emigration, and perhaps be the means of conciliating these Indians -- an agency at this point would be the means of collecting together the whites, in sufficient numbers, not only to protect themselves, but to have great influence with the Indians.   It might be necessary, at the present, to make them a few presents, as an earnest of our friendly disposition  [sic] towards them. There is already a settlement in Carson Valley, near the Territorial limits, and as this would be about midway between the settlements, it would, no doubt, be the best point to make an establishment for future operations with the Indians and for the protection of the route.

            As there will be a considerable emigration from this city to California and Oregon this spring, and as they will be leaving in a few days, a small escort to accompany me, would be sufficient, particularly, as our object would be of a pacific character, and to establish friendly intercourse between the whites and Indians.

            If you concur with me in any of these views, I would be pleased to have your advice and instruction.

                                    Very respectfully,

Your Obt. Servt.

                                                            J.H. Holeman Ind Agt

                                                                        Utah Ter.

His Excellency

Brigham Young

Superintendent Ind. Affr.

                                    Utah Territory.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORY INDIAN AGENT TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

                                                            Great Salt Lake City,

                                                April 29, 1852.

Hon L. Lea

            Sir -- I have advised you, in my previous communications, of the difficulty and danger to emigrants who travel the Oregon and California route -- and of the necessity of doing something for their protection.  I also informed you, that if not instructed otherwise, I should visit that section of the Territory, and endeavor to make such arrangements with these Indians as would insure safety to emigration in future.   I have several conversations with the Superintendent upon this subject, without coming to any determination or receiving from him any particular instructions.  For the purpose, therefore, of bringing the matter to a close, and that there should be action upon the subject, I addressed to him the enclosed letter.  He left this city on the 23rd inst. on a Southern tour, to be absent several months, without giving me any instructions or even acknowledging the receipt of my letter.   He has been in an ill humor with me, since the receipt of your annual report, in which is a letter I addressed you from Fort Laramie, and in which I speak of the excitement of the Indians on account of the whites settling their lands -- and more particularly against the Mormons.  In order to justify myself for the statements made in that letter, I have thought it advisable to give you my authority, as I have been threatened with denunciation and a contradiction of all matters concerning the Mormons.

            Mr. James Bridger, who was the Interpreter of the Snake Indians at the Treaty of Laramie, and who is very favorably noticed in the communication of Col. D.D. Mitchell, informed me that the Utah Indians, residing in Uwinty Valley, had frequently expressed their dissatisfaction in the strongest terms, against the Mormons making settlements on their lands; that they had understood they intended to do so -- and were anxious to know what they should do, or if they had the right to prevent it.  This was stated to me, in such a manner, that I could not hesitate to believe it.  In addition to this, Mr. Barney Ward, a Mormon, who was the interpreter of Sub-agent S.B. Rose, in conversation, frequently stated that the Mormons intended to make a settlement in Uwinty Valley and that he was going to reside there as an Indian trader.  With this information, believing that if the settlement was attempted, that it would cause an outbreak, and another “Indian war," for which Government would be called upon to defrey the expenses, I made the statement in my communication from Laramie -- not however, for the purpose of producing unkind feeling towards the Mormons, but to inpress uon the department the necessity of adopting such measures, as would place both the whites and the Indians in a position to understand their rights and privileges, and  thereby prevent further disturbences  among them;  as  there had  been, as  I conceived, great  injustice  done  the  Indians  already.   I subsequently met a deputation of the Uwinty Utes, sent by their chief Soweates, who confirmed the information I had before received and expressed their decided disapprobation to any settlement being made on their lands by the whites, and more particularly by the Mormons.  This same deputation was directed by their chief, to request, that I would send them some traders, towards whom and the government they pledged friendship in the strongest terms.  I sent them two different companies of traders, one from Fort Bridger, who they treated with great kindness and respect - the others went from this city -- upon learning they were from the Mormon city, the Indians immediately demanded to know if they were Mormons --and although one was a Mormon they were compelled to deny it -- such was the feelings of hostility expressed towards the Mormons, that if they had been known to be so, they would have been driven from the village.  The Shoshonies or Snakes, were equally opposed, and expressed their disapprobation to the Mormons settling on their lands, in the strongest terms.

            I thought I was in the discharge of my duty, in giving to the department this information, as I conceived it of some importance.  The Indians in this Territory, have, in the general, been badly treated -- upon some occasions, so much so, as to produce resistance.  Then, upon the most trivial occasion, would follow, as the Mormons call it, an "Indian War" - and being better armed and equipped than the Indians, a most brutal butchery would follow.  For all these services, in all these "Indian Wars," I understand, that there is a petition presented or will be presented to Congress, for the Government to pay the Bill.  Before they do so, however, I hope they will enquire into particulars -- as these people seem more inclined to fleece the Government of her money, than to render her any important service or friendship.   I have thought it to be my duty to inform the department of all matters calculated to produce excitement or dissatisfaction among the Indians.  With this view, I have made you the several communications, relative to matters and things here -- I shall continue to do so as circumstances may occur.  And while I confine my statements to facts, I feel confident I shall be sustained by the department.

            I shall, in accordance with my previous advices to the department, leave in a few days for the Humbolt, where, if I find it necessary, I shall establish an agency, as it is no doubt, the most important point on the route.  If it should be necessary, and any good can be effected, I will extend my trip as far as Carson Valley, near the line between this Territory and California.   If I should not succeed in establishing friendly relations with these Indians, I shall, on my return, have it in my power to give the department such information as will enable them to act more advisedly in future.  At present but little is known, except, that they are murdering and plundering every train that passes the road.  As the Treaty of Laramie has given security to emigration, from the States to the country occupied by these Indians, an arrangement with them will open a general highway through all the country, from Missouri to California, and give security to the numerous and increasing emigration which is annually passing to California and Oregon, and which at present is attended with so much danger and loss of life and property.  The Indians in this section, have had but little intercourse with the whites, and what they have had, has rather tended to excite them against the whites, than to create friendship or respect.   The first were a set of traders and trappers, &c whose practice was to cheat them out of what little they possessed, or take it by force when able to do so  -- the Second was the Mormons, who forcibly took possession of their country, drove off their game, and killed many of the Indians -- the last was the emigration, who often committed depradations on those who were inclined to be friendly, through the mistaken idea that all Indians were treacherous -- and by this means frequently caused the innocent to  suffer.   Such transactions, has, in a great measure, brought about the present condition of things here. Many of the tribes, however, are becoming friendly, and by a prudent and humane course, which has characterised all the acts of the government in regard to this unfortunate race, I hope the balance may be reconciled, and the country and the highways be relieved of the distressing scenes, which so often occur.

            I mentioned to you in my last communication, that the November mail from California to this place, had been cut off by the Indians, and the contents destroyed.  The remains of Mr. Woodward, the contractor, has since been found, some forty miles beyond the settlements in this valley.   We have received information, from the Indians, near Fort Hall, that he and his escort, five in number, were attacked by this marauding band of Indians on the Humbolt, and that four was killed -- the fifth, Woodward, made his escape.   It is supposed that he must have been wounded, and died from exhaustion, as his watch and many valuable papers were found near the remains of his body, which was almost entirely destroyed by wild beasts -- it was identified, however, by his clothing, watch, papers, &c.

            The Snake Indians, who attended the treaty at Laramie returned well pleased with their reception and treatment  -- they are very friendly with all who pass through their country, giving them every assistance in their power, and pledging a continuance of their friendship; on account, as they say, of the kindness of their Great Father to them. This feeling is diffusing itself throughout many of the other tribes and bands, who regret that they had not been there also.  In fact, I believe, that there is but one tribe in the Territory who are disposed to molest the emigration, and that is the tribe, I contemplate visiting.  I shall be compelled to incur some expense, but shall be as economical as possible.  I shall have to hire some ten or fifteen men, an Interpreter &c. to accompany me, and shall make all other arrangements, as far as possible, subject to your advice and instruction, which I shall expect on my return.

            I regret that I have not been able to receive positive instructions in relation to my duties, and more particularly in regard to expenditures, and the particular kind of expenditures.  I fear that I have already gone too far -- all I can say on this subject, is, that in attending the Snake Indians to the Treaty at Laramie, although somewhat expensive, it has done much good, and will have a very happy effect upon our Indians operations in future.  One thing, however, is certain -- all operations with the Indians cost money, perhaps more in this Territory, than many other places I have therefore, thought it better to incur a lettle expense, for purposes, which I deemed of importance to the Indians and to the Government, than to wait for instructions so distant and difficult to obtain.  Besides, I can see no use in my remaining idle, when there is important work to perform -- particularly as it will have to be done, at some time, and perhaps at a much greater expense.

            Will you be so kind, as to say to me, on the receipt of this, what will be the proper allowance to these men, who accompany me, either as their per diem or monthly pay.   I fear you will consider me somewhat pestiferous - but you must recollect that I have had no instructions by which I could form a correct opinion of the extend of my powers and duties, or the particular wishes of the Government.  I was directed to report to the Governor, which duty I performed without delay -- He having no instructions, as he informed me, I was left to act upon your verbal instructions to take such steps as in my judgement would best conduce to the interest of the Indians and the Government.   I have endeavored so to act, and hope my conduct may meet the approbation of the department, and that I may hear from you by the return mail.

            I received a communication by the last mail, informing me, that in consequence of my having failed to render my accounts up to the 30th of September last, I had been reported to the President.  I regret that it was not in my power to make my report at the time alluded to -- I had been in attendence at the treaty at Laramie, with the snake Indians, where I was detained much longer than I had anticipated, when I left this city-not doubting, when I left, but that I should return before the time specified for making my report, I did not take with me, many papers, necessary to enable me to do so.  In addition to this -- my horses failed, on my return, to such an extent, as to prevent my travelling at the usual speed -- I had to wait on them or to leave them  -- I thought it more prudent to sacrifice my personal comfort, than to leave my animals which would have been a total loss to the Government, and did not reach this city until the 28th of October, too late to make a report I however forwarded my accounts by the November mail, which I have no doubt you have received, ere this, and which  I hope may be satisfactory to the department.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully,

                                                                        Your obt Servt.

                                    J.H. Holeman Ind Agt.

                                                            Utah Ter.

Hon. L. Lea

Commissioner Ind. Affs.

            P.S. May 1st. Not receiving any communication from you, and being left to act from my own judgement, I shall proceed to equip ten men, with an Interpreter, and two friendly Indians, and proceed immediately to the Humbolt.  It is reported here, that these marauding Indians in that section, have been making great preparations for their operations on the emigrants; and as there is nothing else, of any importance for me to do at present, it seems seems to me, that my duty prompts me to this course.   I shall use every effort, in my power, peaceably, to quiet the Indians on this route, and to get all the information possible, concerning them, their habits, disposition &c. and the prospects of doing any thing with them in future.  I shall use economy and discretion in all matters, and report the result to the department, on my return.  If I find it necessary to go as far as Carson Valley, I may be detained some two or three months.  It is unnecessary to take this trip unless a thorough investigation is made of all matters which may be of interest to the Government or to the Indians, so as to enable the department to act more advisidly [sic] in the future.  It is very necessary that something should be done, and as speedily as possible, as the longer it is delayed, the more difficult, and expensive it will be to the Goverment.  I shall be compelled to draw on the department for funds, to defray expenses.  I shall also take with me a few articles, to be used as presents, if I can dispose of them to advantage and effect.  The April mail from the States has just arrived.

                                                                        Yours &c.

                                    J.H. Holeman Ind Agt.

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LETTER FROM J.H.  HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

                                    Great Salt Lake City, Utah Ter.

                                                                        May 2. 1852.

Hon L. Lea

            Sir -- The mail did not leave here yesterday -- it was snowing and storming all day -- the snow fell to the depth of six inches -- I have been informed this morning, that a Mr. Williams has received a letter from a friend of his, a Mormon, stating that he is associated with a company of white men and Indians, who are stationed near Carson Valley, and that their object is to plunder and rob the emigrants.  He advises Williams, who is a Mormon also, to paint the horns of his cattle, so that he may be known, as they do not wish to molest the brethren.  We ought to have troops here -- These whites, associated with the Indians are committing so many depradations on this route, that something ought to be done. I have not time to write more, as the mail is closed.  I have to send this, by private hand, to be mailed at Laramie.  I will endeavor to ascertain, more particularly, all these matters and inform you by next mail.

                                    Very respectfully --

                                                Your obt Servt.

                                    J.H. Holeman Ind. Agt.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT, TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

                        Great Salt Lake City, Utah Ter.

                                                                         May 8 1852.

Hon L. Lea

            Sir -- I advised you by letter, dated May 2, that I had received information of the organization of a band of Robbers, whites and Indians, who had located themselves on the road leading from this city to California.   I have since learned, that the individual who made the communication to Mr. Williams, is a notorious character, by the name of Reading; and although he was once a member of the Mormon Church he is now held by them in utter contempt, and looked upon as a great scoundrel -- but in consequence of some act of personal friendship which was shown him by Mr. Williams, previously, he has given him the information -- thus fulfilling the old adage, of "Honor among thieves."  I am not however, to be understood as including Mr. Williams.   From what I can learn, there is no doubt of the existence of this band, and that their object is, to plunder the emigrants, and all who travel that road.   The road from this city, intersects the road leading from the States to California, at or near the Humbolt or Mary’s river -- beyond which, the principal roberies are committed.

            I shall leave for the Humbolt, tomorrow, with an escort, and shall use every exertion to reconcile the Indians, and if possible, prevail on them to withdraw from this band.  I have expressed the opinion, in my previous communications, that white men were the instigators of the disturbances on this route -- it is now reduced to a certainty, as the information just received may be relied on.  I am aware, that it would be more proper for me to await instructions upon this subject. In frequent conversations with Gov. Young relative to the disturbances on this route, and the importance of doing something for the protection of emigration, and the travel generally, although he did not give me instructions, yet he strongly advised it; and requested that I would address him a communication on the subject, as it would "be better for all these matters  to  be in  writing."   I done so, as I have previously informed you, but received from him no reply.  He being absent, and not having it in my power to confer with him, or to receive any instructions from him -- the distance from Washington, and the delay which must occur in getting advices -- the danger of delay, and the necessity for immediate action, all seem to justify me, if it does not absolutely make it my duty to take the trip.  Besides, delay at present, would greatly lessen the chances for making arrangements and quieting these Indians.   A large emigration has already left, and others are leaving almost daily -- all expect difficulties with the Indians and are prepared to meet them -- with such feelings as exist, they may bring on difficulties by imprudent or hasty conduct -- and should this occur, the breach will be widened and it will be more difficult to do any thing with them.  It is my intention to put myself in front of the emigration and meet these Indians in friendship -- they know nothing of the friendly dispositon of the Government towards them -- of the power of our people, or the vast resources of our country  -- And having been treated, sometimes no doubt, badly by the White man, with their general feeling and disposition to revenge, they have become the enemy of our people.  If, by a pacific course and kind treatment, I can induce them to abandon their practices of plundering and murdering, the whites1 who are associated with them, and who no doubt have instigated them to these acts, will be left to their own resources -- and not having the Indians to Shield them, they may be easily managed -- But so long as they have the Indians associated with them, and assume the Indian costume, which I am informed they do, the Indians of other tribes will take advantage of the prospect for plundering which is thereby afforded, and parties will be frequently found harrassing the emigration, and keep the road in constant  turmoil  Therefore,  situated  as I  am, I  have either to "take the responsibility" or remain inactive  until I can  hear  from  you.   As I consider it of the utmost importance, from the best information I can get, that an effort should be made, and that immediately, to give peace and security to this route -- and as I have been left to the exercise of my own judgement, I have thought it my duty to visit these Indians -- if I can do nothing more, I shall have it in my power to give the department such information as will enable the Government to act advisedly in future -- for act she must, sooner or later  -- and the longer it is  put off, the more difficult it will be, and the greater the cost. As this will be the great thoroughfare for emigration and travel from the States to California and Oregon, Government will be bound to take such steps as will give security to the road, cost what it may -- even at the point of the bayonet.

            Should this or any other course which I have deemed it my duty to pursue, not meet the approbation of the department, you will please inform me, and give me such instructions as will enable me to comply with the wishes of the Government.  It is due to the department, as well as to myself, that I should be candid I have no idea, that with Governor Young at the head of the Indian department, that I shall be able to any thing, that can be of service to the Government or to the Indians, or creditable to myself. Therefore, if Gov. Young is contnued as Superintendent, I had as well leave  -- for it must be evident to the department, from his course recently, that his personal feelings towards me, or something else, has induced him to neglect the interests of the Government, in a matter, in which but a short time since, he seemed to be deeply interested, and which he considered of the greatest importance to the Government, to the Indians, and to this Territory.   Whether any other Gentile could succeed better with him, than I have done, is extremely doubtful, as I have studiously avoided medling with their peculiar notions of religion, in any manner, and have endeavored to avoid giving them any offense personally.  So far as my public duties have prompted me to speak of them, I leave to the department to judge -- I have spoken of them, and their acts, as I believed to be my duty -- I have misrepresented them in nothing for I have had no personal emnity to gratify.

            If I should find it important to the interests of the Government, and necessary for future operations with the Indians, I shall establish an agency at some point on the Humbolt or Mary’s river, as it will have a tendency to protect the route and afford facilities to emigration.   If I should establish this agency and if it should be the wish of the department that I remain in this Territory, I would be pleased to have this agency assigned to me.  As nothing can be done here of much importance during the winter season, I should be gratified, if it would meet the views of the department, to be ordered to Washington this fall, and directed to bring with me; some of the chiefs and braves of the Several tribes who reside in this Territory.  A few of their principal men, who have an influence with their tribe, could do more good, by explaining the extent and and resources of our Government and people, than could be effected in any other way by the same amount of trouble and expense.

            Since writing the above we have received intelligence that an advance train of emigrants, from this place, for Oregon, numbering about 30 men, and several women, have been attacked by Indians, and all the men killed  -- the women taken prisoners.  The information was brought by Indians who profess to be, and who have always been friendly, to the whites.  Mr. Bullock, the  private secretary of the  Governor is of the  opinion, that the  information is true,  as he has received it from a source, which he says  can be relied on -- several  circumstances  seem  to  justify  the  report.   For myself, I cannot believe it -- yet it may be true.  I shall therefore increase my number of men, if possible, and proceed without delay to ascertain the facts, and report to you, by next mail should any thing serious have occured.   There is a great want of certain information relative to the condition and numbers of these bands or tribes, which renders it very difficult to form any opinion of the best course to pursue. From such information as I can get, they seem to have no fixed location, but assemble on the road as the season for emigration approaches -- they then infest the road from the Goose creek mountains to Carson Valley, a distance of about 500 miles.

            We are in great confusion here -- we want a few troops on this route, very badly.  The white Indians, I apprehend, are much more dangerous than the red.   The renegades, deserters, and thieves, who have had to fly from justice in California, have taken refuge in the mountains -- and having associated themselves with the Indians, are more savage than the Indians themselves  -- by their cruelty to the whites, they have stimulated the Indians to acts of barbarity, which they were never known to be guilty of before.  It has not been known, until recently, altho strongly suspected, that whites were engaged with these Indians and believing that the Indians, alone, were the depredators, our people have shown them but little favor or kindness -- often, no doubt treating the innocent with severity.  This has produced a state of feeling, unfriendly to the whites, generally; and although it cannot be said that we are really in a state of war with these Indians, yet the effect upon our people is the same. These Indians, by their frequent depradations on the whites are supplying themselves with horses, arms ammunition &c. and if not checked, they will very shortly be able to make a formidable resistence, as their revengeful feelings will be stimulated by the prospect of plunder.  The rugged state of the country, and their knowledge of the mountain passes, will enable them to flee wherever and whenever they may wish --this will render it almost impossible to subdue them by waging war upon them.  The best mode to pursue, at present, is to conciliate them, if possible, by kindness -- should this course prove unsuccessful, we shall then have left no other alternative but force.

            The most intelligent of our citizens, with whom I have conversed, advise me, and seem anxious that I should make an effort to quiet these Indians, and give security to this route -- my feelings and judgement prompt me to do so -- yet having no instructions which seems to authorise me, I fear that the department may not justify me in the course I have taken.  But when I look at the peculiar situation of this route at present  -- the great number of emigrants, and the vast amount of property which will pass this road it is important that something should be done, and I cannot hesitate.   And although the expidition will cost the government some money, I am clearly of the opinion that the peculiar situation of the country, makes it necessary that the effort should be made.

            I have had no instructions in relation to interpreters -- I see by your annual report, in your instructions to the agents in Texas that you say, "each agent will be allowed for the service of interpreter within his district, at the rate of seven hundred and thirty three 33 25/100 dollars per annum -- while the allowance, as stated in your appendix, is fixed at $500.   I presume the 233.33 is for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the Interpreters.  I have in my employment, as Interpreter a man who speaks the Snake and the Ute languages -- I find him much more convenient, and useful, than if he spoke but one language.  Would it be proper to allow him an addition to the $500?  He is very efficient; has been in the country several years and is well acquainted with these tribes.   I fear I shall not be able to retain his services at $500, and to pay his own expenses, as he can engage in no other business, and living is very dear.  Why is it, that the Agents in California are allowed  $3,000, each, and those in Mexico and Utah but  $1,550 -- The labor and expenses are as arduous and as costly in Utah as in California -- Many articles, necessary cost more than double the amount here, than they do in California, and the general expenses of living is higher.   I think they should be equal in Salary -- and if I mistake not, I was led to believe that the Salary of Agent and other officers in this Territory would be increased.

Very respectfully

Your obt. Servt.

                                                J.H. Holeman Ind Agt. U.T.

            P.S. May 12, In consequence of the scarcity of Horses, and men, I have been compelled to delay, as I could not get a sufficient escort -- I have been compelled to purchase horses as the men I could get to go with me, had none of their own. The horses I have purchased, will comand the same money if I should be able to return with them in good order -- in which case, the department will loose nothing -- I have drawn on the department for the sum of two thousand dollars, in favor of Holiday and Warner, dated May 13, 1852, which is for outfit and horses -- &c, and the equipment of twenty seven men, all I can raise.

            We received information this evening, from Box Elder, Seventy miles north of this city, that two hundred Indians of the Pa-nack tribe, had made a move for the Humbolt, for the purpose of joining in the plunder of the Emigrants.  This intelligence compells me to start the force I have already equipped I shall make an effort to engage more tomorrow and follow them with all haste.   I made this move from the extreme necessity of the case.   There being no one here to give me instructions, I must rely on the generosity of the department, if I should have transcended my duties for I really do not know what they are.  I shall spare no pains or trouble, to correct these abuses -- and should I fail, I shall be able to give the department such information as will be of importance, for future operations, with as little expense as possible.

Yours &c.

                                    J.H. Holeman Ind Agt.

                                    U.T.

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LETTER FROM BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH AND SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

                                                            Executive Office, Utah Territory

                                                Great Salt Lake City, May 28th, 1852

Hon. Luke Lea,

            Sir. -- Your two letters of January 28th and February 20th were received per last mail, which arrived during my absence on a tour south, being only about two and a half months since the date of the last written; another month before a reply can be started and the same time allowed to reach Washington making in all to write and receive an answer, six months.   This shows how we are blest with mail facilities.

            I do not know that you ever received my first report dated 13 September 1851, as I have received no acknowledgment of its reception.   I observe that the only paper which has found its way into the annual report from Utah is Major Holeman’s, written at Fort Laramie and dated September 22, 1851.  This is also attributable it is presumed to deficient postal arrangements.   I wish to correct some erroneous statements made in that report, of the truth of which at that time Major Holeman might either through misconception or misinformation, entertain an honest belief.  I allude to the following paragraphs.   "I find much excitement among the Indians in consequence of the whites settling and taking possession of their country, driving off, and killing their game and in some instances driving off the Indians themselves."  The greatest complaint on this score is against the "Mormons," they seem not to be satisfied with taking possession of the valley of the Great Salt Lake, but are making arrangements to settle other, and principally the rich valleys and best lands in the Territory.  This creates much dissatisfaction among the Indians, excites them to acts of revenge, they attack emigrants, plunder and commit murder whenever they find a party weak enough to enable them to do so, thereby making the innocent suffer for injuries done by others.  I find "also another class of individuals, a mixture of all nations, and although less powerful in numbers equally injurious to the country and the Indians.  There "are a set of traders called here Freemen," &c.  again, "I am  informed that they  have induced  Indians to  drive off  the Stock  of emigrants so as to force them to purchase of the "Freemen" at exhorbitant prices and after  the emigrants have left  make a pretended purchase of the indians for a mere  trifle, and are ready to sell again to the next train  that may pass, and who may have been  served in the  same manner.  These scenes are transacted so far from the officers of the law, and by a set of men who are somewhat lawless that it will require extreme measures and some force to relieve the country of them."

            With the exception of a few, perhaps fifteen or twenty white men at Fort Bridger and vicinity, who make no improvements nor raise grain, no settlement has been made or attempted upon the Shoshonee’s or Uinta Ute’s land.   some twenty years ago the Shoshonees claimed a small  tract at the mouth of Weber  upon  which  there is now  a settlement,  but abandoned it as  the Buffalo receded,  and it has  since been held by the Cumembahs or Snake Diggers who united by marriage with a  broken  off band  of  Shoshonees which  the  Shoshone Indians do not claim as at all belonging to their nation.

            At the time Major Holeman made the above statements he had never seen an Indian upon whose land the whites who make improvements and cultivate the earth had settled, and no Indians have ever been driven off these lands, that I have ever heard of.   The Shoshonees and Uintas, to whom I more particularly allude being the only ones in the Territory with whom the Major had at that time had any knowledge of or intercourse with, have at various times solicited settlements to be made in their respective lands in order that they might be benefited in the articles of clothing and provisions, as the game spoken of affords even in the most retired and secluded places, but a very precarious dependence for subsistence.  The only dissatisfaction that I have ever been able to learn as existing among them, was in consequence of no such settlements being made as they desired although they have been told that they will be accommodated in this thing as soon as circumstances will permit.  Many upon whose lands settlements have been made have gone to work and bid fair to become quite useful in their new avocation.  There seems to be a mistaken idea in relation to the Shoshone Indians committing depredations, murders, &c. upon emigrants.   It has been and is the universal practice of emigrants upon reaching the country of these Indians to relax their vigilance and usually dispense with their guard.   This feeling of safety and sense of security is induced from the known friendly disposition of the Shoshonees in whose country the weary traveler can repose in safety, and the emigrant pass with impunity.  As long as my acquaintance with them has existed, this is the first time that I have heard of such charges coming against them.  The Uinta Utes and also all others in this Territory live south of all the travel to Oregon, California, or this place, and being at emnity with the Chyennes and Shoshonees never extend their travels as far north as the line of travel, consequently could not, were they so disposed, trouble the emigrants; unless they should take the southern route from this place, which in the emigration season is seldom done.  Of these feats and especially the peaceable disposition of the Shoshonees the traveling public should be advised, that their minds might be disabused of prejudice against them, not so much to relax their vigilance, as to refrain from the wanton and murderous practice of shooting them, whenever they show their heads; a practice too often indulged in by those travelers, who apparently bereft of every sensibility of feeling, consider and treat all Indians as enemies.

            Whether the settlements are, or have been detrimental to the "country" the Indians or the traveler, let those answer who are acquainted, a few items like the following: Have they received any benefit by finding in the valleys of the mountains a resting place where they could recruit themselves and animals in peace and safety while on their toilsome march across the plains and mountains? -- Is it any benefit to have a civilized society and an abundance of supplies of every kind of provision and grain furnished midway of the journey where its absence leaves nothing but a dreary waste and arid desert, involving starvation or inevitable destruction to the belated traveler in the interminable snow of the mountains? Would not Captain (Indian) Walker otherwise most likely extend his exploits in seriously annoying the traveling public?  Are not the Indians better fed, better clothed, and more peaceable disposed towards the whites than before their settlement among them?  An affirmative reply must be made to all these queries, by any person who is at all acquainted with the circumstances, and disposed to speak the truth.

            In relation to the "Freemen" at Green River I will only say that usually emigrants upon arrival at that point very frequently find their stock so much reduced by hardships that they are often very glad of an opportunity of exchanging for fresh animals at almost any rate that may be asked, thus furnishing an opportunity to those who have stock an abundant source of profit without stealing themselves, or inducing the Indians to steal for them.   Having long followed this practice of trading with the emigrants many of them are very well supplied with good stock which readily recruits when turned upon the rich posturage of that region.

            It is not safe to trust too far the savage Indians notwithstanding all their professions of friendship.   Hence the impropriety of extending settlements faster than can be maintained; for our experience proves to us that although the whites, at their most earnest solicitation, may locate upon their lands with every assurance of safety and protection for themselves and property, yet when coming into daily contact with them and stock begins to fill the range, their indolent and predatory habits lead them to incur the risk of satisfying their wants.  They also sometimes become saucy and offensive to females who are left without sufficient protection, but in most cases of their wants for food and clothing are supplied, but little difficulty occurs.   We have had some serious difficulties at various times with them but it has been caused usually through these sources, as the people have been unable to furnish them with all they wanted, their involuntary contributions became rather too burdensome and when withheld exasperation ensued.  But chastisement when so richly deserved has had a most salutary effect and in all instances with the exception of some Cumembahs the hostile belligerents have come to terms and subsequently lived in peace with seemingly a better understanding than before.

            These Cumembahs inhabiting principally the central part of this Territory extending north and south and westerly from the settlements and bordering upon the Desert as related in my former report of Sept 13/51 have as yet never come under the influence of a settlement of whites; out in Tocele and other places made such inroads upon the settlements, which altho in their vicinity were yet upon other Indian’s lands, as to compel the citizens in order to ensure their own safety to repel them and seek  to break up their haunts  by force.  These are the Indians that so infest Mary’s river.   It was supposed that some Panaks and Shoshonees attracted thither by their success in plunder had joined them; but a small representation from those tribes inhabiting in the vicinity of Fort Hall with whom I conversed a few days since, strenuously deny that either of their tribes or any part of them have ever gone there, and they seemed totally ignorant of the fact if any such existed; although they admitted that they had heard rumours of emigrants being robbed and killed upon that river.

            Availing myself of the protection afforded in the emigration to California I intended to send out an expedition to treat with the Indians on Mary’s river this season, and had prepared instructions accordingly to Major Holeman.  At this time the copy of his report herein alluded to having arrived, I improved an early opportunity of calling upon him hoping that his longer residence in the Territory and more extended acquaintance had served to correct the views which he had so erroneously entertained and expressed.  I sincerely regret to say that he still adhered so strenuously to them as to induce the belief that he was at least indifferent to the interests of the community by so manifestly endeavoring to prejudice the mind of the Government against them.   He however promised to look over the matter and if he saw anything to retract that he would take great pleasure in doing so.  But as he has failed to do it, I declined giving him any instructions as was designed.   And he during my absence with an escort of twenty five or thirty men employed at the expence of the Government, as I understand has gone, intending to visit Carson Valley before his return.  It is to be hoped that the enterprise will prove beneficial.   I shall now await the result of his enterprise before acting in the premises.

            It cannot be expected much will be done towards establishing farms and other improvements for the Indians unless some appropriations are made for that purpose.

            Having just returned from my tour to the southern portion of the Territory, and not having time previous to the departure of this mail to make all the statements required in your letter, must crave the indulgence of another mail, when the required information will accompany the quarterly report ending 30 of June.    If it is usual to furnish superintendencies with blanks they would be very gratefully received.

                                    I have the honor to be very respectfully and truly your

                                                            obedient servant.

                        Brigham Young

                                                Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

                                    U.T.

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LETTER FROM J.H.HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT, TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City August 30, 1852

Hon L. Lea

            Sir -- I addressed you two communications from Carson Valley dated June 28. and July 19. in which I informed you of my operations  up to  that  time.  I subsequently visited a village of the Pi-Utah trive of Indians, who reside in and about that region of country, numbering about 350, who I found friendly disposed, but somewhat excited on account of the repeated abuses which they had received from the whites. I held a talk with them, of several hours, four of their chiefs and many of their principal men were present -- in all of which, they manifested the greatest friendship, and seemed very much pleased with the idea of being on friendly terms with the whites.   They said, they "did not wish to be mad with the whites, or to war with them, but that the whites had got mad with them, and were always at war with them -- that they could not hunt or catch fish for their Squaws and children, for fear of the whites, who were constantly shooting them -- that the whites would profess friendship, call them to their camp, and shoot them -- that the whites would steal their horses and sometimes take them by force, with many other charges of an aggravated character.   All this, they said, "they had borne for a long time; at length, some of their young men, determined to retaliate, and that they had killed as many whites, as the whites had killed Indians, and taken as many horses from the whites as they had taken from them -- they were now satisfied, and if the whites would let them alone, they would disturb the whites no further."  They said, they had never wished to be at war with the whites -- that they wished peace, and had kept from the road, to be out of the way  -- that they could see them passing every day, but had not interrupted them in any manner, and that they would not, if the whites would let them alone."  The candour with which they talked, and the seeming justice of their course, induced me to put confidence in their professions of friendship.  That they have been treated badly, there is no doubt -- these whites, who loaf about the country, pretending to trade with the emigrants, are principally men of reckless character, and care but little what they do -- they even talked of driving me from the country, because I had manifested a disposition to protect and befriend the Indians.  These Indians seem to be very poor – but few of them have guns -- they use principally the bow and arrow.  Two of the chiefs, and six warriors returned with me to my camp  -- I gave them some provisions, and a few presents, and sent the other two chiefs, also, a present. They were much pleased, and promised me that none of their men should disturb the whites in future.  If the whites would pursue a friendly course towards these Indians, and treat them kindly, I do not think there would be any trouble with them.  I travelled down Carson River, to the desert, by slow marches, expecting to be able to find the whereabouts of another village; but they had moved off, and I could not learn where.

            I crossed the desert, on the 29th ult. and arrived in this city on the 22nd inst.   I travelled up the Humbolt, slowly, with the hope of meeting the Indians and their friends, who I had talked with on my trip out.  In this hope, I was, to some extent, disappointed.  The vast number of emigrants, on the road, and the disposition of some, to kill the Indians, had kept the Indians from the road.   I occasionally laid by -- sent out my interpreter through the hills, and made every effort to collect them, but without success.  Those I found, were in small parties -- very shy, but friendly.  They informed me, that the Indians I had seen and conversed with on my outward trip, had told them, that the Great Captain of the Whites, had sent them word, to be friendly to the whites travelling through their country, and they intended to do so -- and to prevent difficulties they had moved their lodges far from the road.  They were all much pleased with the kindness of myself and company, and promised that there should be no disturbance with the whites by any of their tribe.  And judging from the fact, that there has been no depradations or attacks on the emigrant trains, this season, during the whole route from the Goose Creek mountain to Carson Valley, where last season, not a train passed without murders and roberies, it seems that they are determined to carry out their professions of friendship.   On my return from Carson Valley, along the whole source of the Humbolt, I met with hundreds of waggons, daily -- with many small companies, some on foot, some packing, and frequently a solitary traveller, and none had been molested, as they informed me, but the Indians  -- many had not even guarded their stock at night, yet they had gone through without any difficulty.  There had been some few roberies, cattle or horses stolen, but those who were robed assured me, that it had been done by white men.  In fact I took the description, brands, &c. of several horses, thus lost, and found two of them in the hands of the traders who had stationed themselves on the road  -- I took them in possession, and disposed of them according to the direction of their owners.  There has been a great many outbreaks and difficulties between the emigrants, themselves  -- companies have quarreled, killed each other, and broken up  -- some, from their bad conduct have been driven from their companies  -- many of these men are scattered over the road, without means, living or the charity of others  - they, also, steal and commit other depradations, which they endeavor to lay upon the Indians. The truth is, this portion of the emigration, and these pretended traders. are decidedly worse than the Indians,  and cause nearly, if not all the troubles on the road.  It is the universal opinion of the emigrants that the Indians have been quiet, and have acted friendly throughout -- and that all the depradations are the acts of white men  -- these, however, have been few.

            In getting up this expedition, as I have previously informed you, I was advised to do so by Gov. Young, who afterwards refused to render me any assistance whatever.   I have also informed you of his conduct in relation to the whole matter.   I have used the utmost economy, in every respect -- I was compelled to purchase some horses for the expedition, but these I shall be able, after recruiting them a little, to sell at cost, or nearly so.  I lost three -- one got crippled, which I had to leave, another gave out, and one failed, so as to be unable to travel home and I sold him, for little or nothing.  To save expense, as soon as I arrived in Carson Valley I discharged as many of my men as I could spare -- keeping only a sufficient number to answer the purpose of herding and guarding the horses, &c.

            Not having time to make a detailed report of my operations by this mail, I merely write to inform you of my sucess, and my arrival in this city.  In my September report, I shall give you a full account of all matters, and have no doubt but the success of the expedition, as well as the expenditures, will meet the approbation  of the  department. For judging from the difficulties which have occurred during the past two seasons, hundred of lives, and thousands of dollars worth of property have been saved, to say nothing of the suffering of the emigrants themselves, -- besides, the Government, is made acquainted with facts, which will enable her to establish peace and quiet on this route in future.  At present there is no difficulty on the road, so far as the Indians are concerned -- but I fear the conduct of the whites may excite the Indians, and cause another outbreak.  I had great difficulty, in restraining the whites, while there -- I should have remained there, until the emigrants had ceased passing, but the expense of living in that country is so great, and all seemed to be quiet, that I concluded it was best for me to return and discharge my men, as they were under pay of 25$ per month -- which was the lowest price at which I could engage them -- those who furnished their own horses, I allowed ten dollars more, making 35$ for the services of man and horse per month.   This was low, considering the price of wages, generally, throughout this country.

With great respect, I remain,

Your obt. Servt.

                                                J.H. Holeman Ind. agt. U Territory

Hon L. Lea

Commission Ind. Affs

                        Washington City

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LETTER FROM BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR AND INDIAN AGENT SUPERINTENDENT OF UTAH TERRITORY, TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

                                                            Executive Office Utah Territory

                                                                        Department Indian Affairs

                                                Great Salt Lake City Sept 29th 1852

Hon Luke Lea

Commissioner of Indian Affairs

            Sir, Herewith is transmitted my report ending this 3 quarter of the present year together with Major Holeman and Rose reports.  I will briefly remark that all is peace among the native tribes in this Superintendency, even on Mary’s river.  We learn of no depredations of importance; this however is the usual result during the heavy emigration, whether they will again commence when that has passed and small companies again tempt their capacity time will develope.  It is to be hoped that all parties traveling in that direction will give them no opportunity.

            On the 6th day of August ultimo, there arrived in this city six of the Shoshones as messengers from that tribe to make inquiry in relation to trade and ascertain if possibly peace might be made with Wa-chor and the Utahs.  This being a desirable object to accomplish I made the messengers some presents and informed them that I would send for the Utahs to meet them, if they would come and endeavor to accomplish the object which they seemed so ardently to desire.  Accordingly, on the 3rd day of September after many fruitless efforts on our part to procure the Utahs, who appeared very wary and inclined to try the patience of the Shoshones to the uttermost, they were brought together, the Shoshones having been in waiting some two or three weeks.   There were present on the part of the Utahs, Wachor, Sonretts, Antaros Ankerhonhitch (Arrow pine being sick) 34 lodges.  On the part of the Shoshones, Wah-sho-kig, To-ter mitch, Watche ramp, Ter ret e ma, Persh e go and 26 lodges.  The lodges were left a short distance from the city, the braves amounting to about fifty in number on each side attending the treaty.  Major Holeman having arrived from Carson Valley just previous by my invitation was also present.   Interpreters D.B. Huntington and Elijah Wade. The main difficulty seemed to be accomplished in getting them together upon a friendly footing.  I led off by asking Wachor and Wash o kick if they wished to make peace and be friends with each other.  They replied they did.  Will you make good peace that w