Letters from Nevada Indian Agents 1851

July 23, 2006

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Nevada History:

Letters From Nevada Indian Agents - 1851

[Compiled by the publisher of The Nevada Observer in 1980-1981 and transcribed from handwritten originals in the collection of Letters Received by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Utah Superintendency, National Archives microfilm; spelling as in original documents. Funding for the project was provided by Grace Dangberg, of Minden, Nevada.]

LETTER FROM A.W. BABBITT TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Washington Feb 26th. 1851

Sir

From late advices from the Territory of Utah I learn that greate difficulties are apprehended from the Indians Many depredations have already been commited Utah is in the center of the first Indian Territory and inhabited by several Large and Powerful Nations, who Roam over a country of some 7 or 8 hundred square miles the White Settlements extend north and south some 300 mile. Some of which are sparsely settled

I understand that the agent designed for that country has not as yet gone out. and It is apprehended that When he arrives, he will find the field of labour to Extensive for him. I am most decidely of the opinion that there ought to be at least two sub agents for that Territory; the most Emigration through that country to the gold mines and to the Territory of Origon, excites in the Indians an ill temper. (they the Indians, being subjected to all manner of impositions and insults from those who are only Passing through and have no Interest in cultivating a friendly Intercourse with them if one or two Sub agents could be appointed one to be Located in the South Part of the Territory one in the North settlements while the agent Proper Stationed more in the central Part, Much Property and Prehaps life might be saved from Indian deppredations

I trust as the Inhabitants of Utah have thus far Relieved the general government from trouble and Expenses; having had to incur the Expenses of wars with the Utah Natives that the Protection given to other Territories will be afforded to the Territory of Utah.

I have the Hon of being

your obiediant Servant

A.W. Babbitt

Hon Luke Lea

Com of In affr

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PROCLAMATION OF BRIGHAM YOUNG, UTAH GOVERNOR AND EX-OFFICIO INDIAN AGENT, ESTABLISHING THREE INDIAN AGENCIES IN UTAH TERRITORY

PROCLAMATION

To All whom it may concern.

Whereas, the law of Congress entitled "An act to establish a Territorial Government for Utah, approved Sept. 9 1850, devolves the duties of Superintendent of Indian Affairs within said Territory, upon the Governor of said Territory; and

Whereas, there have been appointed by the United States Government one Indian Agent, and two Subagents for this Territory,

Now therefore by virtue of said authority and to advance the purposes of the Government for the benefit of the Indians, I do hereby order and direct that this Territory be divided into three Agencies as follows to wit –

The first or Parvan Indian Agency, to include all within the limits of the Territory, west of the Shoshone nation; and north of the South line of the Parvan Valley.

The Second or Uinta Agency to include all of the Snakes or Shoshones within said Territory, the Uinta and Yampa & all other tribes south, within said Territory, and east of the Eastern rim of the Great Basin.

The third or Parowan Agency, to include all the country lying west of the eastern rim of the Great Basin and South of the South line of the Parvan Valley to the Western bounds of the Territory.

Henry R. Day and Stephen B. Rose, the Subagents having arrived and being ready to enter upon the discharge of their respective duties are hereby temporarily, and until further directions assigned to their respective agencies as follows: to wit -- Henry R. Day to the first or Parvan agency; and Stephen B. Rose to the Second or Uinta agency.

Brigham Young

Governor of Utah Territory, and Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

GSL City July 21, 1851.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Fort Laramie September 21. 1851

Hon L. Lea

Commissioner of Indian Affairs

Dr Sir -- In obedience to orders from your department, I proceeded to the Territory of Utah, and reported myself to His Excellency Governor Young, Ex-officio Superintendent of Ind. Affrs., for that Territory on the 9th day of August.

On my rout to Utah I passed many trains of Emigrants, some for Oregon, some for California, but mostly for Utah. I found many of [them] in great distress, from [depred]ations and roberies committed by the Indians -- some were robbed of all thei[r] [posse]sions, and even of the clothing on their backs -- many had their stock stolen, &c. [These] depradations, so frequently occurring, compelled them to collect together many teams, [in order] to have a force sufficient to defend themselves, that they were unable to get [...] their cattle -- they could not let them go out of their sight to graze, for fear [of having] them stolen by the Indians, but kept them in Correl of nights -- the Indians [con]stantly hovering about them. Consequently, their teams were daily giving [out &c. ...] the road was strewn with the dead - waggons, and other property destroyed, [to the gr]eat injury of the Emigrants. The Indians who reside about and below [Lar]amie were thought to be the principal aggressors; the Crows, occasionally. [The Emig]rants not being able to distinguish one tribe from another, were equally [ w]hen they arrived in the Territory of the Shoshonies or Snakes, whose country [ . . . ] portion Oregon Territory, a portion Utah, and a portion of the St. Louis [Superinten]dency -- they therefore, continued their practice of correlling their stock, [thus avoi]ding danger. The Indians below, having been publickly invited to the [Fort La]ramie, and as I understood, would generally attend, I thought it ad[vantageous to] endeavor to get the Shoshonies to attend also, believing that it would [be in the] interest of the country and the Indians, and greatly benefit the vast [numbers of] Emigrants who were daily passing the road. I believed, also, that it would [mee]t the approbation of the department, but that it greatly desired to have [ . . . ], as the main route for emigration passed through their country. I was in this opinion from a conversation held with you, on the subject of the Indians in Utah, in May last, at Washington, in which you [expressed a] wish, that they, or as many of the tribes as could be got, should attend --Belie[ving] therefore, that it would be beneficial to the Indians and the country, and bel[ieving] that it would secure to the Emigrants peace and safety in travelling the country; in sho[rt] believing it to be my duty, when I reached the country of the Shoshonies, I immediately [hired] an interpreter and guide, collected some of their chiefs and braves, and made arrange[ments] to attend them to the treaty at Laramie. I then hurried to Salt Lake City and reported to Gov. Young the arrangments I had made -- it met with his approbation, and he or[dered] me, to fulfil my engagements with the Indians. I immediately returned and met the vill[age] assembled on Sweet Water about fifty miles east of the South pass, on the 21st of August. I held a talk with them [which] resulted in their selecting Sixty of their head men, fully authorised to act for [the] whole tribe -- we arrived at Laramie on the [. . . of] September. I regret that Col. Mitchell so construes his powers and ins[tructions so] as to exclude them from being parties to the treaty, believing that they are n[ot . . .] in his superintendency, but that they belong to the Superintendency of Utah -- [He [how]ever, expressed much gratification at their being here, and will give the [. . . ] with the rest of the Indians; which will be, I hope satisfactory to them. [. . .] tribe who have been universally friendly to the whites, and seem to have [. . .] in, and respect for the whites.

I have given you above, my reasons for the course I have pursued -- [hoping it will] meet your approbation. Col Mitchell and Maj. Fitzpatrick, will explain [. . .] all matters connected with my operations in this particular. I shall, [. . .] to Salt Lake City, make a report, in full, and forward to your depart[ment.]

If it can be done, and you should deem it advisable, I would like [. . .] particular instructions in relation to my duties and powers -- I find [. . .]ment amoung the Indians in consequence of the whites settling a[. .] of their country, driving off and Killing their game; and in some [cases Killing] off the Indians themselves -- the greatest complaint on the score, is [that] they seem not to be satisfied with taking possession of the Valley of [the Salt] Lake, but are making arrangements to settle, other and principally, [. . .] and best lands in the Territory. This creates much dissatisfaction a[nd] excites them to acts of revenge -- they attack emigrants, plunder and con[quer] wherever they find a party weak enough to enable them to do so -- thereby, [the] innocent suffer for injuries done by others.

[There is,] also, another class of ras[cals], a mixture of all nations, and although less pow[erful in] numbers, are equally inj[urious] to the country and the Indians -- these are a set of [...] called here, “free men,” who are settled around and amongst the Indians -- some [have] married among them; all, however, have an influence which is exerted to their particular personal interests. This is operating against the interests of the [Indians] and the country and tends greatly to prevent the agents from doing that [which is] required by the department. These scenes are transacted so far from the officers [of the law] and by a set of men who are somewhat lawless, that it will require ex[treme] measures and some force to relieve the country of them. With regard to all [other] matters, I would like to have particular instructions.

[I] am of the opinion that it would be greatly beneficial to the interest of [all] to have an agency established for the Shoshonies tribe, and located [at Green] River, at or near the ferry or crossing. It is on the main road, and is one of [the] places where "the freemen" generally collect in the Spring, to prey upon the [fort]unes and necessities of the Emigrants the Indians are consequently drawn [there] and I am informed that they have induced Indians to drive off the stock [of the emigr]ants, so as to force them to purchase of "the Freemen" at exorbitant [prices and] after the emigrants have left, make a pretended purchase of the [goods] for a mere trifle, and are ready to sell again to the next train, [that may] pass, and who may have been served in the same manner. [I] think that a treaty with the various tribes of Indians in Utah, would be [productive] of much good, if held immediately -- it would have the effect of [ending] depradations on their lands, quieting their excitement again and ultimately save the Government from much trouble and expense [if the Department] should agree with me on this subject, and congress will [. . .], I can have them assembled at any point in the Territory [by n]ext Spring and Summer.

[It will] be of great importance to order a delegation of the principal men, [say t]hree from each tribe, to visit the States and Washington City during the [next] congress. The have no idea of the power of the Government -- many think [the emi]gration they see passing and repassing through their country comprise [the principal] portion of our population -and, like themselves, having Killed all the [game in] our own country, we are travelling in pursuet of a better -- and that very soon, none will be left behind. All the [above mat]ters I submit to the depa[rtment giving]a very hasty view of the conditions and interests of the country -- and [so I will, with] much pleasure, obey any wish or instructions of the department.

I have the honor to remain

very respectfully

J.H. H[oleman]

__________

ENVELOPE ENDORSEMENT

J.H. H[oleman]

(UTAH Fort Laramie Sept 21, 1851. H1323)

Reported himself to Gov. Young on 9th Aug. - on his way toUtah met many trains of emigrants to California & Oregon [. . .] great [. . .] because of depredations by Indians. Brought with him to this treaty at Fort Laramie a [. . .] of Choshonies [sic] -- stated his reason for so doing --asked for particular instructions in regard to his duties and powers -- Excitement amongst the Indians in consequence of whites settling & [. . .] their country, killing game &c. Mormons are especially complained of. & a class of traders styled [. . .] men - Suggests establishment of an agency for Shochonies [sic] on Green River - also the making a [sic] treaty with the tribes in Utah and importance of sending [. . .] to Washington.

Rec.13, Nov.1851

Ackd.1, Decr.”

[. . .]

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LETTER FROM BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH & SUPERINTENDENT

OF INDIAN AFFAIRS TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

To the Honorable Luke Lea;

Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Washington City;

Sir,

In my former report, I made no observations in relation to the Indian agency and operations of the Agent, Major Holeman, Mr. Rose and Mr. Day, Subagents for Utah Territory; reserving their doings and operations, desiring to be enabled to incorporate their reports in my second one to your office. I have now the pleasure of forwarding one, that of Mr. Rose, Subagent of the Territory who has been assigned to the Uinta Agency.

Early in the season and previous to the arrival of Major Holeman, the two Sub Indian Agents, Mr. Rose and Capt. Day, having arrived and reported themselves ready for business; I preceeded to locate and assign them their respective districts. See proclamation "No. 2" As also copies of letters to each Sub Agent, marked "A" and "B"; previous however to their entering upon their duties, Major Holeman arrived, but having made an engagement with the Shoshones on his way hither, to return and attend the treaty at Laramie, only remained two or three days giving but small Opportunity of arranging for future, or even present operations. We proceeded to make further arrangements upon his arrival, as you will observe by reference to a copy of his letter, a copy of which is herewith transmitted, marked C; all of which items were answered, and, under the circumstances, approved by myself, as per letter marked D.

The messengers who went South for the purpose of inducing some of the Utah chiefs to go to Laramie were unsuccessful, none of their chiefs or principal men could be induced to go; four of their tribe came down with the messengers, but it being several days after the departure of Major Holeman, and they not being the persons desired it was considered unadvisable for them to go; therefore, after receiving a few presents from Capt Day (the amount of which I presume he will inform you) returned to their tribe.

Mr. Rose accompanyied Major Holeman to Laramie, but has returned without him, his animals having given out at Independence rock, detained him at that point, since when nothing has been heard from him. It is presumed however that he has returned to the States in company with the U.S. officers, and others who left this point early in October. No report has been received from either of the Agents since the Laramie treaty, except Mr. Rose, which has, this day been received; a copy of which is herewith forwarded, marked E; the other two will most probably report direct to the department.

I did entertain the opinion that it was my duty to locate the agencies and assign the Agents to their respective locations; acting upon this conviction I proceeded to make such arrangements, as to me seemed proper; but Major Holeman being of the opinion that it was his privilege to select his own location, and leaving so soon after his arrival, nothing more was accomplished. The Indians are now more than ever carried away with the idea of receiving presents; these demands have to be met at every occasion, and you are probably aware how much money, means &c. has been furnished this Superintendency for this purpose. Please Sir, inform me, what I shall do; shall I say to the Indians their great father has no means to their expectations! or furnish them as usual at our own expencen as previous to the Establishment of the Agency for Utah Territory?

It is most desirable that some means should be forwarded immediately for this purpose, as well as establishing agencies, building mills, and preparing for opening schools, making arrangements for fencing, &c. in their midst.

It may be the usual practice to first incur these expenditures, then have them allowed, and draw for the pay; this course of procedure would do in those cases where the distance is not so great or where the means of communication is greater, and may eventually answer here, when the practice shall have been once established; but it is of the utmost importance for the successful termination of this enterprise that money should be furnished by the department; seventy five thousand dollars would be little enough to establish the requisite number of Agencies, and defray the incidental expenses for the first year. Now, where general good and peaceable disposition pervades the tribes generally in the Territory, is a propitious moment to establish a permanent and salutary influence over them; and induce them to forsake their predatory warfare and follow more peaceful avocations. There is, however, one exception to be made as to peaceful relations; the Indians on Mary’s River are exceedingly troublesome to emigrants and travellers, having killed quite a number of white men the past Season, It is desirable that an Agency supported by a Settlement should be established at this point: some of the citizens of this city and recruits are about raising a Company to go and settle there, and organize a new county which they propose to call "Humbolt County." This course, I doubt not, will have a tendency to keep them in check, and hold a salutory influence over them, and be far more efficient than a Military Post in preserving the safety of the travellers. It may become neccessary to chastise them in order to bring them to terms; but even if it should, if that chastisement could be followed up with good and genial influences, and the means on hand to conciliate and soothe their feelings, the happiest results might follow.

I have a suggestion to make in relation to appointing Agents, they should be such men as can, -- and will act in concert and union, observing one uniform policy towards the Indians throughout the Territory. Men also who not descending to the level of Indians, would seek to elevate them in the scale of human existence. The high prices appertaining to Oregon, New Mexico and California also, have their influence here, causing all estimates to fall far short of the mark; the more especially in commencing operations in an entirely new place, where much learning is neccessary, and labor commands a ready and ample return.

In order to secure the efficient services of suitable men as Agents, who would be willing to devote their talents and time to subserve the interests of the Government, their remuneration should be at least commensurate with the rewards of the usual avocations of life, for it is not often that you will find a man willing to deprive himself of the quiet enjoyment of peaceful labor, amid the fruition of a happy home, for the turmoil incident to Savage life; where no inducement other than a Martyr’s Crown, would weigh in the scale against earthly aggrandisment, or rational enjoyment. On a visit which I am about making to the Pauvan Valley for the purpose of selecting a site for the Seat of Government for Utah Territory, I shall probably have an opportunity of ascertaining more definitely the numbers of several of the various tribes, as well as making such other observations and obtaining such information, as will be of benefit in locating Agencies, &c. Desiring that you will communicate with me and furnish such instructions as you shall deem proper and necessary;

I have the honor to be most respectfully yours

Brigham Young

Governor and Superintendent of Indian affairs, Utah Territory.

Great Salt Lake city, October 20. 1851.

__________

LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH AND SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Utah Indian Agency

Great Salt Lake City, November 10. 1851.

Sir

I have the honor in accordance with instructions, to forward to you, to be transmitted to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, a report of my operations since my arrival in the Territory.

I received orders from the Department on the 25th of April, and left Washington City on the 9th of May, to report to you, as Governor and Ex-Officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs for this Territory, which duty I performed on the 11th day of August. On my route to this City, as I then informed you, I met, at Fort Bridger, with some of the principal chiefs and braves of the Shoshonie, or Snake tribe of Indians, who had collected there, expecting an officer of the government, and were waiting to see him. I informed you, also, that I had held a talk with them, which resulted in their expressing a desire to attend the Treaty to be held at Fort Laramie on the 1st day of September, ensuing and that, if I would accompany them, they would be pleased to go down. This arrangement I considered myself authorised to make, as the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, had expressed a wish, that the Indians of this Territory, or any portion of them, that could be get there, should attend the treaty. You were pleased to approve my course and instructed me to comply with my engagements with these Indians. Having but a few days to prepare for this expedition, and having been on duty and travelling from that time until the 26th of October, I have not had it in my power to make a report, at all satisfactory until the present. Since the 1st of June, I have travelled upwards of three thousand five hundred miles -- most of the time, without any other provinder for my horses, than the dry grass of the plains -- At the proper time for making my report, it was not in my power to do so, as many of my papers were in this city; and besides, I was not at a point from which a communication could have reached you, Sooner than I would have the opportunity of meeting you in person. It is unnecessary, therefore to make an apology for not making my report, for the quarter ending 31st September -- as on that day I was on the North Fork of the Platte, on my return from Fort Laramie. Owing to my Horses failing, I was unable to travel more than from 8 to 15 miles per day -- laying by sometimes all day, in Snow Storms & rain, and did not arrive in this city until the 21st of October.

In obedience to instructions, I left this city on the 12th of August, and proceeded, with as little delay as possible, to meet the Indians at the place agreed upon, east of the South Pass -- I arrived at Fort Bridger on the 15th where I had previously employed an interpreter; and after making the necessary arrangements for the transportation of provisions, &c. and a few presents for the Indians, we proceeded on our journey, and arrived at the village of the Snake Indians, on the Sweet water, on the 22nd August We found the village in good health, and much pleased with the idea of their trip. The whole village intending to accompany us to Laramie -- but the next morning, as we were on our march, we found two of their tribe, killed and scalped, lying on the side of the road. This threw us into great confusion -- the Indians became furious -- but there being an emigrant near by, who had witnessed the transaction we were informed, that the murders had been committed, the evening previous, by a war party of the Cheyennes. After a hurried pursuit, for several hours, the warriours returned to the village. They were much excited I had a talk with them on the subject of the murders -- to my great surprise, I found that they had not only determined to stop the trip, but that they were disposed to censure the whites for the murder, and seemed to express a total want of confidence in their friendship --they stated, that they they had been advised not to go --that if they did go, they would all be killed that the whites were deceiving them -- that they only wished to get them into the country of their armies to have them all murdered -- and as an evidence that they had been correctly advised they had scarcely made a move before they had found two of their tribe Killed; and finally, they avowed their determination to go no further.

Under all these circumstances, I felt it my duty to use all efforts in my power, to correct such impressions; believing, that if left in this state of mind, it would be difficult to make any arrangements with them in future -- I therefore, invited another talk, which was granted, but with much reluctance. I succeeded to a considerable extent in relieving their minds in relation to the friendly feelings of the whites, but they still objected to going any farther. Although disposed to be on friendly terms, yet, having had but little intercourse with the whites they were fearful of doing something wrong by which they would lay themselves liable to attack and abuse by the other Indian tribes, through whose country they would have to pass. In order to assure them of their security, and to satisfy them that their great Father was sincere in his professions of friendship; and that his object was to do them good instead of injury, I proposed to send to Laramie for an escort of Soldiers to accompany them -- This seemed to inspire them with confidence and I immediately started an express to Laramie, consisting of two men, my son Alex. Mr. Holeman, and Mr. Jas. Furguson. That night the chiefs and braves held a council, and consulted their Medicine, as they term it the result of which was, that they determined to send with me a deputation of their principal men, leaving the balance to protect their village. After making the necessary preparations for the comfort and protection of their families, we left the village on the 28th accompanied by about 80 of their leading men, authorised to act for the tribe, and reached Fort Laramie on the 1st of September -- all in good health and spirits, and well pleased with the treatment they had received.

As it was the first effort which had been made by the government to establish friendly relations with the Indians in this territory, I felt it incumbent on me to pursue such a course as would not only be satisfactory, but which would inspire them with confidence and respect in the furture. And if I may be permitted to judge from their conduct and the manifestation of entire satisfaction on their whole route, and also, on their return to their village, I am compelled to believe that their trip will result in much good both to the government and to the Indians. Although the Snake Indians have not been among those who have committed such depradations on the emigration travelling the plains, yet a state of war has existed between them and other tribes, which agreeable to the usages of the Indians has justified each tribe in sending their war parties to harrass and plunder the other -- these war parties, when on their excursions in the enemy’s country, would plunder and rob the emigrants, while their depradations would often be charged to other and innocent tribes -- thus, the country of the Snakes is frequently made the rallying ground, and as the road to California, Oregon, and the Salt Lake City passes through their lands, these war parties are constantly committing depradations, which in many instances are charged to the Snakes And although the Snakes are friendly to the whites, and do not participate in these roberies, yet the emigrants do not feel secure while there is an Indian or Indian sign in view -- and not being able to distinguish one tribe from another they are constantly in fear of an attack; to prevent which, they assemble together in such numbers, as to render it impossible to get grass for the subsistence of their cattle, or enclose them in correll -- in either case, the result is the same -- their cattle are starved to death, and their property scattered over the plains. Seeing the distress which these scenes presented, I considered it my duty to use all means in my power to prevent it; I therefore determined to use all efforts to get the Snakes attend the treaty - and although attended with more expense and trouble than I had expected, yet I do not hesitate to say that it has been time and money well spent -- as they met there, and made peace with several tribes with whom they were at war, among whom were the Cheyennes and Sioux tribes who were the principal disturbers of the peace on this rout. This will insure safety to emigration in future -- it will put a stop to the excursions of these war parties, and I feel well assured, that the Snakes will not only treat the emigration, hereafter, with kindness but that they will protect and assist them whenever in their power. I conceive it of importance to the Indian department in this Territory, that the Indians visited Laramie. The friendly welcome they received from the Indians of other tribes their intercourse with the whites during the expedition, and while there, has impressed them with very different feelings from those entertained towards the whites previously. Our friendly intercourse with the Snakes is now I trust established upon such a footing, as to inspire them with confidence and respect -- this feeling will diffuse itself throughout the other tribes, and greatly assist our future operations with the Indians in this Territory.

They were not made parties to the treaty at Laramie; in this, I was somewhat disappointed, as the commissioner had expressed a desire to have the Indians of Utah at the treaty, or any portion of them which I might be able to get there. Col. Mitchell and Maj. Fitzpatrick, however, espressed much gratification at their being there, and at first determined to make them a party -- but on further reflection, as they were the only tribe from the Superintendency of Utah, and as it was desireable to establish friendly relations with all the tribes in this Territory, they thought it best to exclude them, and recommend to the department, the importance of holding a treaty the ensuing year with the various tribes in Utah. This course, if it can be effected, will be productive of much good, as it will bring together the various tribes some of whom are unfriendly towards each other, and by establishng peace and friendship between them, by treaty, the Indian affairs in this territory will be easily managed. I therefore earnestly recommend it to the early consideration of the department.

I would also respectfully recommend to the department, that while the Indians of tis territory are generally friendly disposed towards the whites that some arrangement should be made with them, by which their rights, as well as those of the Goverment, should be distinctly understood. The Indians desire this, -- they have been told, repeatedly, by travellers passing through the country, that their "Great Father" would liberally reward them for the right of way, and the destruction of the game, timber, &c. as well as for any Kindness shown to the whites. The great leading thoroughfares to Oregon, California and to this City, pass through the Indian country, and as they subsist entirely by the chase, having no permanent abode whatever, the destruction of the game is of the utmost importance to them. Therefore, as they have been led to expect it, something should be done at once -- delays, and putting off matters of this Kind, has a tendency to create in their minds a want of confidence -- they are jealous, selfish, and full of deception; yet, there is nothing they abhor more, than to find such characteristics in the white man. And although their promises are made without any authority from the government, but by travellers passing through the country, who care but little about the consequences so they can pass safely themselves, yet the effect with the Indians, is the same. A promise made by a white man, and violated, is held as good grounds for suspecting treachery in the whole race. Therefore, if it is the intention of the government to make any treaties with the Indians in tis territory, I feel confident tht they will never be found in a better condition or more disposed to enter into amicable arrangements than they are at this time. In addition to this, a duty which we owe to the Indians, in protecting their rights from violations by the white man, makes it necessary that something should be done as early as possible -- and at the same time, the government should look to the interests of her own citizens, who are emigrating to this territory in vast numbers. And if something is not done to give them the right to settle the lands, quietly, the Indians may resist, and the consequence will be the sheding of much blood. As evidence to sustain this opinion and to show the necessity of immediate action, witness the destruction of life and property which is almost daily occurring on the Oregon and California routs, where the Indians have become excited, by what they consider as tresspasses and encroachments of the whites upon their lands.

In returning from Laramie, I met a deputation of the Utes from the Uwinty valey, [sic] at Fort Bridger, sent by their chief, with overtures of friendship, and requesting that I would send them traders, to their village. I gave them a few presents and promised to visit them during the winter, if the weather would permit -- they received the presents with Kindness and promised to use every effort with their tribe, as well as all other Indians, to promote friendly relations with the Whites. I sent them traders and expect to have a report in a few days of their reception and treatment

I also met with a few lodges of the Digger Utes; they informed me that they belonged to a band who resided part in this territory and part in Oregon -- they seemed very friendly disposed, and gave me a most horrible account of the roberies and murders committed by the Indians in the neighborhood of Fort Hall. They informed me that there were several white women now held as prisoners by these Indians --they stated that the emigrant trains had been attacked, the men all Killed, the property taken or destroyed, and the women made prisoners. They could not tell me at what point the women were confined at present, but promised to get the information on their return home, and advise me whether any thing could be done for their relief. It is thought by many that there are white men engaged with these Indians, as, until very recently, they have been considered as the most worthless and cowardly tribe in the whole country. I addressed a letter on this subject to Mr. John Owens, Ind. Agt. at or near Fort Hall, advising him of the information I had received, and requesting him to make such inquiries as will enable him to ascertain whether this report is to be relied on or not - and if necessary, promising my aid in any effort to recover them from captivity. The tribe to which the Indians who have committed this act of barbarity, belong, claim a boundary of land lying in this, as well as Oregon Territory.

The short time since I entered upon the duties of my office -- no documents or papers coming into my possession, by which I could get information, it has placed it out of power to be as well informed as I could wish, and hope to be in future. Should the weather permit, I hope to be able to visit several tribes during the winter, when I shall have it in my power to give you farther information. Should I receive information relative to the captivity of these White women, their whereabouts, &c. I should like to be instructed what course to pursue.

Herewith, you will please find a report of expenses, incurred in travelling to this city from my residence in Kentucky -- also, the expenses of my trip with the Snake Indians to the treaty at Fort Laramie, with the amounts of presents &c. given to the Indians, as well as a statement of property now on hand.

Very Respectfully.

Your Obt. Servt.

J.H.Holeman Ind. Agt.

for the Territory of Utah.

To his Excellency

Brigham Young.

Superintendent Indian Affairs. Utah Territory.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City Utah Ter.

Nov 28. 1851.

Hon L Lea

Dr Sir -- I have according to instructions, made a report to his Excellency, Gov Young, Ex-officio Superintendent of Indian affairs, in which I have given a statement of my accounts and transactions generally. But owing to a difficulty which occurred between the Governor, Judge Broccas, and other officers of the Government during my absence at Laramie, I did not not [sic] think it prudent to touch on matters connected with the conduct of the Governor, and the Mormons in general, in my report, as it had to pass through the hands of the Governor. It was not, however, because I feared that any thing I would state, could or would be controverted by the Governor -- but because I feared, that If I said any thing which he might not like in my report, that it would never reach you -- the "Gentiles” as we are all called who do not belong to the Mormon Church, have no confidence in the management of the Post Office here – it is believed by many that there is an examination of all letters, coming and going – in order that they may ascertain what is said of them, and by whom it is said. This opinion is so strong, that all communication touching their character or conduct, are either sent to Bridger or Laramie, there to be mailed. I send this communication through a friend, to Laramie, to be then mailed for the States.

I alluded, in my report, to the necessity of adopting such measure, by the General Government, as would protect the Indians in the Territory -- they are becoming very much excited by the encroachments of the Mormons, as they are making settlements, throughout the Territory on all the most valuable lands, extending these settlements for near three hundred miles from this city. In the first settlement of this city, and the adjoining country by the Mormons, they at first, conciliated the Indians, by Kind treatment, but when they once got a foothold, they began to force their way --the consequence was a war with the Indians, and in many instances a most brutal butchery -- this, they fear will be the result wherever the Mormons may make a settlement. The Indians have been driven from their lands and their hunting ground destroyed, without any compensation therefor -- they are in many instances reduced to a state of suffering, bordering on starvation. In this situation some of the most daring and desperate approach the settlements, and demand compensation for their lands, where upon the slightest pretexts, they are shot down or driven to the mountains --these scenes frequently occur -- but the other day, an Indian was found dead, in the vicinity of the city, shot through the body.

You will be informed, no doubt, by Judge Broccas, Secretary Harris, and other officers of Government9 who have lately returned from this city to the States, of the conduct and character of Gov. Young, his treatment to them, &c. I was not here at the time, -- on my arrival in the city, I found the Governor absent, on an expedition to the Indians some 150 miles distant from the city -- He had taken with him Sub Agent S.B. Rose, who is a Mormon, with several hundred dollars worth of Indian goods, as presents, for the purpose, no doubt of conciliating the Indians, and getting their permission to extend his settlements -- thus making use of his office, as Superintendent; and the Money of the Government, to promote the interest of his Church. Therefore, it seems to me, that no Mormon should, officially have any thing to do with the Indians. I have no doubt but every effort will be made by the Mormons to prevent the Government from peaceably extending her laws over the Territory. Since the departure of the Judges &c. they have levied additional taxes on all classes of 10 cents on the dollar, on all description of property -- this, it is thought, is for the purpose of preparing to resist the Government.

I should be pleased to recieve some instructions in relation to my duties here -- I do not Know how to act in many cases -- and I fear, that in acting from my judgement, I may transcend my powers, if I have not done so already. I think it would be advisable to hold a treaty with the Indians as soon as is convenient -- they are generally friendly disposed towards the whites. A deputation of some of their principal men, to visit the States would have a very good effect -- they know nothing of the power of the Government or the number and manner of the living of our people.

I fear you will think me extravagant in the expenditure of money, but I assure you things are quite different here from what they are in the States -- every thing here is from 3 to 500 per cent consequently, our living although much more common, is very dear. It was the first attempt that had been made by Government to establish friendly relations with the Indians in the Territory, and I thought that a few dollars, was a matter of no importance, when compared with the effect which would be produced upon their feelings, by showing them, that their "great father” would be good to them, if they would treat the whites with kindness &c.

The Indians are very much scattered in this Territory --we want a few more Sub Agents -- if the pay could be raised, we would all be able to do more good. I will communicate with you again, about the last of Dec.

I have the honor to be very respectfully,

Your Obt. Servt.

J.H. Holeman, Ind. Agt.

Utah Ter.

Hon L. Lea

Commissioner Indain Affairs

Washington City, D.C.

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ENVELOPE ENDORSEMENT

Utah Superintendency H 19.

J.H. Holeman

Great Salt Lake City Nov. 28. 1851.

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Concerning condition of the Indians in Utah. Conduct of the Mormons towards them -- of Gov Young & others -- Sub agent Rose is a Mormon. Wishes instruction in regard to his duties. Think, it would be advisable to hold a treaty with the Indians -- Send a delegation to Washington -- &c.

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Recd. 10 Febr 1852

File.

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO LUKE LEA, COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City

Utah Territory, Decr. 28 1851.

Hon. Luke Lea

Dr Sir—Enclosed I send you a document, which will give you some information in relation to the manner they do business in this city. It commenced, I have no doubt, with the view of producing a difficulty with me, as I was the only Goverment officer, not a Mormon, left in the Territory. It was a transaction with which I had nothing to do -- when consulted upon the subject by Mr. H.R. Day, Sub.Agt and Governor Young, I did not think it my privilege, not did I undertake to give any instruction to any one—neither did I intend to make any move in the matter. Subsequently I was called on by Mr. H.R. Day, who informed me that the Governor had directed him to make an effort, and if possible, to get some of the chiefs or principal men of the Utah tribe of Indians, and accompany them to the treaty at Laramie -- he stated, also, that the Governor had recommended to him, that he should send some one acquainted with the Indians to visit them at their villages, and request them to meet him in this city -- where, with his assistance they could, perhaps, prevail on the Indians to accompany him to the treaty. Mr. Day having an Interpreter employed, he was called upon, and directed to visit these Indians he wished to have some one to accompany him, and requested Mr. Day to authorise him to employ one or two men for that purpose. Mr. Day asked my opinion with regard to his power of employing persons in this capacity. I told him I could give him no information on the subject, but supposed that the Governor could or would advise him what to do, and that he had better consult him. Shortly after this conversation, Mr. Huntington, the Interpreter, called on me, accompanied by this E.W. Van Etten [?], to know what would be the pay of Van Etten, per day, should he take the trip. I told them, I could not inform them—that I had nothing to do with the business—that I was going to leave the city the next day. for Laramie; and as I could not be here when the Indians arrived, I again, advised them to call on the Governor, who would give them all the necessary information and instruction. They left me, and in about two hours returned, still urging me to give them directions, and instruct them what to do--Van Etten, stating in the most positive manner, that he would not go, unless he Knew what he was to get, and who was to pay him. I told him again, that I had nothing to do with the matter -- and that I could not, and would not, fix any price for his labor, nor would I employ him at any price whatever. This was the last conversation I had with either Van Etten or Huntington upon the subject.

I left the city, the next day, and heard nothing further upon the subject until I returned here, from Laramie. On the 10th ultimo, Mr. Van Etten presented his account to me, and in a very peremptory manner, demanded payment. I told him, that I had not employed him, that I Knew nothing of the services, and that I could not pay the bill. He replied, that he had been directed to present it to me, and if I did not pay it, that he must proceed to collect it. I requested him to see the Governor, and that I had no doubt he would do what was right -- if the services had been rendered the Governor Knew it, and certainly would pay him, as he had the controul of the whole matter that he well Knew that I was not here at the time, and that I had refused to employ him, in any way. He left me, and returned the next day, and demanded immediate payment -- informing me, that the Governor had instructed him to present the account to me, and if I did not pay it, to make me. I stated to him, that I did not wish any difficulty, either with him or the Governor, but that I could not pay an account that I had no agency in creating, or for services which I did not Know had ever been rendered -- but to settle the matter, if he would get th Governor 5 certificate with instructions to me, to pay it, I would do so. But without the certificate of the Governor, I would not.

About 12 0 clock, the constable served a warrant on me, for an account against “J.H. Holeman Indian Agent,” summoning me to appear before Squire Snow, at three o’clock. Attorney Gen. Blair appeared as counsel for Van Etten; had me prosecuted and judgment rendered against me, as a private citizen -- execution issued, and a carriage waggon, the property of the Government, was levied on, and taken out of my possession, on the same day. On the 13th the constable advertised the carriage for Sale—fearing some difficulty, which might result in the loss of the property, as their law process was singular and speedy, when against a Gentile, and as they can prove any thing they desire, I determined to pay the debt. The receipt for which is herewith enclosed.

I take this opportunity of again stating to you, as my fixed opinion, that with Governor Young at the head of the Indian Department in this Territory, It cannot be conducted in such a manner, as to meet the views of, or do justice to, the Government. He has been so much in the habit of exercising his will, which is supreme here, that no one will dare to oppose any thing he may say or do. His power and influence is so great, that no officer, either of the Territory or the Government, who is a Mormon, will dare to disobey his will—therefore, these offices are managed and controlled by him, as completely, as if all their powers and duties were invested in him alone. His orders are obeyed, without regard to the consequences -- and whatever is to the interest of the Mormons that is done, whether it is according to law, or to the interest of the Government or not. From all the circumstances, I feel well assured, that he was at the head of this suit of Van Etten against me—He wished to Show to his people that he was sincere in his expressions of contempt towards the Government and her officers here, by having them annoyed in every possible manner, -- in order to force them to leave this Territory, or succomb to his will. At our first interview, after my return from Laramie, his conduct was of such a character, that I felt it my duty to check him at once—I assured him of my determination to do all in my power to promote the interest of the Government—that so far as he was concerned, I should be happy to cooperate with him in all measures which had a tendency to effect that object—but that so far as I was able, and to the extent of my ability, I intended to discharge my duty to the Government, faithfully, without fear, favor, or affection to any one -- and that, I wished him distinctly to understand. We separated without much ceremony—and did not meet again for several days—in the mean time, it was rumored about that I was going out to Fort Bridger, and the Mormons generally believed that I was about to leave for the States—this produced a great change; the Governor called on me, was very polite9 and has been quite friendly ever since. I expect an outbreak between us, because, I believe it to be his intention to use his official station, as Superintendent of Indian affairs, to promote the interest of his people—he has already been on an excursion, with the Mormon Sub agent, S.B. Rose, with Indian goods, as presents to the Indians in a section of the country where they are making a new settlement, and where I am informed the Indians have made objections to any farther encroachments upon their lands by the Mormons, -- their object is to get a foothold, make a settlement, peaceably, by purchasing the friendship of the chiefs and headmen, with presents furnished by the Government, and then bid defiance both to the Government and to the Indians. They are a people who have no sympathy or respect for our Government or its institutions, and who are frequently heard cursing and abusing, not only the Government, but all who are American citizens.

Believing it to be my duty, I shall remain here, if it should be the wish of the department, and shall from time to time, advise you of all matters connected with the Indian affairs which I may deem of importance or interest. As soon as the weather will permit, I shall visit several tribes, and bands, who I have not yet seen, when I shall inform you of their situation and disposition.

I have felt it my duty to make the foregoing statements, and have forwarded this communication directly to the department, believing, that if I attempted to pass it through the Superintendent, it would never reach you.

I have the honor to remain, very respectfully

Your obt. Servt.

J.H. Holeman Ind Agt.

Utah Territory

Hon L. Lea

Comissioner Indian Affairs

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LETTER FROM J.H. HOLEMAN, UTAH TERRITORIAL INDIAN AGENT TO BRIGHAM YOUNG, GOVERNOR OF UTAH AND SUFERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Great Salt Lake City

Utah Territory, Decr. 31. 1851.

Sir

In my report made to your Excellency on the 20th of November last, I gave you a statement of my transactions as Indian Agent for this Territory up to that time -- since which, I have nothing of importance to communicate. I left this city on the 1st inst. on a visit to Fort Bridger, where I expected to meet a party of the Utah Indians from the Uwinty Valley; I had previously, at the request of their chief, sent some traders to their village. The weather had been bad for some time previous, and still remained very cold, which no doubt prevented their attendance. I also visited a settlement of "Freemen” as they are called, on Green River, some sixty miles beyond Bridger -- I there found several Lodges of the Shoshonie tribe of Indians, several of whom had accompanied me to the Treaty at Laramie. They expressed great delight in seeing me -- brought up their friends and introduced them, telling them of the Kindness of the Whites throughout the whole expedition, and particularly of their Great Father, who had given them so many presents, that he had made them all rich. Those who visited that treaty, returned so well satisfied, that they are doing much good with the other Indians -- they take great pleasure and pride in telling of the Kindness and respect shown to them, and express their feelings of gratitude and friendship in the warmest manner. I regret, very much, that more of the Indians of this Territory could not have been at that treaty. Many if the tribes in this Territory have had but little intercourse with the whites, and that has been with the traders, principally, who have universally cheated and defrauded them, by the enormous prices they have charged them for every article of trade. I have come to the conclusion, that it would be to the interest of the Indians, to license a good number of traders, as competition would enable them to trade on more advantageous terms

The traders who lately visited the Utah tribes, at Uwinty reported the Indians very friendly, and much gratified that they had come among them. Throughout all their intercourse, the Indians manifisted the greatest friendship, and expressed a desire that they would visit them frequently -- that they would always meet a Kind reception.

Although I have heretofore expressed the opinion that it would be greatly to the interest of the Indians, to hold a treaty with the various tribes in this territory, I cannot refrain from again bringing the subject before the department. The unfriendly feelings which exist between many of the tribes and bands, has a tendency to Keep up a continual excitement. If they could be brought together, peace and friendship would be established between them, which would enable them to visit each other, and by an interchange of the products of each tribe, it would tend greatly to better the condition of all. This treaty could be easily effected as the Indians with whom I have conversed desire it very much. I have also heard from many others who would be pleased, could it take place.

You will find enclosed, an abstract, and an account current, for the Quarter ending on the 31st inst. which, with the report I had the honor of making to your Excellency on the 20th of November, will give a full account of all my transactions for the present year.

I have the honor to remain, very respectfully

Your Obt. Servt

J.H. Holeman Ind Agt

Utah Territory.

To his excellency

Brigham Young

Ex-officio Superintendent

Ind. Affrs. Utah Territory.

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Letters from Nevada Indian Agents 1849-1861 (1981): 1849; 1850; 1851; 1852; 1853; 1854; 1855; 1856; 1857; 1858; 1859; 1860; 1861